A Narrative Review of Research on Adjustment to Spinal Cord Injury and Mental Health: Gaps, Future Directions, and Practice Recommendations

Danielle Sandalic; Mohit Arora; Ilaria Pozzato; Grahame Simpson; James Middleton; Ashley Craig

doi:10.2147/PRBM.S259712

A Narrative Review of Research on Adjustment to Spinal Cord Injury and Mental Health: Gaps, Future Directions, and Practice Recommendations

Psychol Res Behav Manag. 2022 Aug 5:15:1997-2010. doi: 10.2147/PRBM.S259712. eCollection 2022.

Authors

Danielle Sandalic^{1

2}, Mohit Arora^{1

2}, Ilaria Pozzato^{1

2}, Grahame Simpson^{1

2}, James Middleton^{1

2}, Ashley Craig^{1

2}

Affiliations

¹ Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
² John Walsh Centre for Rehabilitation Research, Royal North Shore Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.

Abstract

Spinal cord injury (SCI) results in autonomic, motor, and sensory impairments that can compromise mental health. Guidelines directing the management of mental health following SCI presently address clinical anxiety, depression, post-traumatic stress, substance use disorders, and suicide. However, evidence suggests that perhaps as many as 70% of individuals with SCI do not develop a clinically diagnosable mental health disorder. Therefore, the authors contend that understanding non-clinical cognitive and psychological aspects of adjustment post-SCI is paramount and that the application of this knowledge to the formulation of adjustment-enhancing interventions is crucial. To assist with this endeavour, we examine existing mental health guidelines targeting SCI, and present a narrative review of research on the under-represented topics of adjustment, coping, grief, and resilience. We include mild cognitive impairment, which reflects a common factor that can compromise adjustment. Loss and stress trigger processes of adjustment, coping, grief, and resilience. SCI involves loss and stress triggering these processes, arguably without exception. Our study applied a narrative review methodology searching Google Scholar and PsychInfo databases for terms adjustment, coping, grief, resilience, and cognitive impairment. Qualitative studies and quantitative studies were selected to capture bottom-up and top-down perspectives. Reference lists of retrieved papers were searched as appropriate. Reviewed literature suggested that existing guidelines concerning mental health following SCI neglect positive processes of adjustment and suggest this neglect contributes to a deficits-based view of mental health following SCI. Research into "positive" or adjustment-enhancing processes is mostly cross-sectional, heterogenous, and poorly positioned to inform future guideline-development. Researchers should achieve consensus over the operationalisation of essential processes and overcome a fixation with "outcomes" to better inform management of mental health after SCI.

Keywords: adjustment; cognitive impairment; coping; grief; resilience; spinal cord injury.

Publication types

Review

Grants and funding

This work was supported by a competitive grant from the icare Foundation, New South Wales, Australia (2019).