Pulse wave behavior is important in cardiovascular pathophysiology and arterial phantoms are valuable for studying arterial function. The ability of phantoms to replicate complex arterial elasticity and anatomy is limited by available materials and techniques. The feasibility of improving phantom performance using functional structure designs producible with practical 3D printing technologies was investigated. A novel corrugated wall approach to separate phantom function from material properties was investigated with a series of designs printed from polyester-polyurethane using a low-cost open-source fused filament fabrication 3D printer. Nonpulsatile pressure-diameter data was collected, and a mock circulatory system was used to observe phantom pulse wave behavior and obtain pulse wave velocities. The measured range of nonpulsatile Peterson elastic strain modulus was 5.6-19 to 12.4-33.0 kPa over pressures of 5-35 mmHg for the most to least compliant designs respectively. Pulse wave velocities of 1.5-5 m s-1 over mean pressures of 7-55 mmHg were observed, comparing favorably to reported in vivo pulmonary artery measurements of 1-4 m s-1 across mammals. Phantoms stiffened with increasing pressure in a manner consistent with arteries, and phantom wall elasticity appeared to vary between designs. Using a functional structure approach, practical low-cost 3D-printed production of simple arterial phantoms with mechanical properties that closely match the pulmonary artery is possible. Further functional structure design development to expand the pressure range and physiologic utility of dir"ectly 3D-printed phantoms appears warranted.
Keywords: 3D-printed phantom; Arterial phantom; additive manufacturing; cardiovascular system mechanics; functional structure; physiologic elasticity; pulse wave; pulse wave velocity; waveforms: hemodynamics.