Background: Distortions in time processing may be regarded as an endophenotypic marker of neuropsychiatric diseases; however, investigations addressing Bipolar Disorder (BD) are still scarce.
Methods: The present study compared timing abilities in 30 BD patients and 30 healthy controls (HC), and explored the relationship between time processing and affective-cognitive symptoms in BD, with the aim to determine whether timing difficulties are primary in bipolar patients or due to comorbid cognitive impairment. Four tasks measuring external timing were administered: a temporal and spatial orienting of attention task and a temporal and colour discrimination task, for assessing the ability to evaluate temporal properties of external events; two other tasks assessed the speed of the internal clock (i.e. temporal bisection and temporal production tasks). Attentional, executive and working memory (WM) demands were equated for controlling additional cognitive processes.
Results: BD patients did not show differences in external timing accuracy compared to HC; conversely, we found increased variability of the internal clock in BD and this performance was related to Major Depressive Episodes recurrence and WM functioning. Hence, variability of the internal clock is influenced by the progressive course of BD and impacted by variations in WM.
Limitations: Future studies including BD patients stratified by mood episode will further specify timing alterations conditional to the current affective state.
Conclusions: Our results shed new light on the clinical phenotypes of BD, suggesting that timing might be used as a model system of the ongoing pathophysiological process.
Keywords: Bipolar disorder; Cognition; Depression; Pathophysiology; Timing; Working memory.
Copyright © 2022 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.