Growth, Yield and Photosynthetic Performance of Winter Wheat as Affected by Co-Application of Nitrogen Fertilizer and Organic Manures

Muhammad Saleem Kubar; Qiang Zhang; Meichen Feng; Chao Wang; Wude Yang; Kashif Ali Kubar; Shagufta Riaz; Hina Gul; Hamz Ali Samoon; Hui Sun; Yongkai Xie; Muhammad Ahsan Asghar

doi:10.3390/life12071000

Growth, Yield and Photosynthetic Performance of Winter Wheat as Affected by Co-Application of Nitrogen Fertilizer and Organic Manures

Life (Basel). 2022 Jul 6;12(7):1000. doi: 10.3390/life12071000.

Authors

Muhammad Saleem Kubar^{1

2}, Qiang Zhang¹, Meichen Feng², Chao Wang², Wude Yang², Kashif Ali Kubar³, Shagufta Riaz⁴, Hina Gul⁵, Hamz Ali Samoon⁶, Hui Sun¹, Yongkai Xie⁷, Muhammad Ahsan Asghar⁸

Affiliations

¹ College of Resource and Environment, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong 030801, China.
² College of Agriculture, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong 030801, China.
³ Faculty of Agriculture, Lasbela University of Agriculture, Water and Marine Sciences, Uthal 90150, Balochistan, Pakistan.
⁴ Center of Excellence in Marine Biology, Univesity of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Sindh, Pakistan.
⁵ University Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, PMAS Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi 46300, Punjab, Pakistan.
⁶ PARC-Water and Agricultural Waste Management Institute, Tando Jam 70060, Sindh, Pakistan.
⁷ Institute of Geography Science, Taiyuan Normal University, Jinzhong 030619, China.
⁸ Agricultural Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, ELKH, 2462 Martonvásár, Hungary.

Abstract

The application of organic manures was found to be beneficial, however, the integrated use of organic manures with chemical nitrogen fertilizers has proven more sustainable in increasing the photosynthetic attributes and grain yield of the winter-wheat crop. A multi-factor split-plot design was adopted, nitrogen and manure fertilizer treatments were set in the sub-plots, including nitrogen-gradient treatment of T1:0 kg N ha^-1, T2:100 kg N ha^-1, T3:200 kg N ha^-1, and T4:300 kg N ha^-1 (pure nitrogen -fertilizer application) The 25% reduction in nitrogen combined with the manure-fertilizer application includes T5:75 kg N ha^-1 nitrogen and 25 kg N ha^-1 manure, T6:150 kg N ha^-1 nitrogen and 50 kg N ha^-1 manure, and T7:225 kg N ha^-1 nitrogen and 75 kg N ha^-1 manure. The maximum results of the total chlorophyll content and photosynthetic rate were 5.73 mg/g FW and 68.13 m mol m^-2 s^-1, observed under T4 in Zhongmai 175, as compared to Jindong 22 at the heading stage. However, the maximum results of intercellular CO₂ concentration were 1998.47 μmol mol^-1, observed under T3 in Jindong 22, as compared to Zhongmai 175 at the tillering stage. The maximum results of LAI were 5.35 (cm²), observed under T7 in Jindong 22, as compared to Zhongmai 175 at the booting stage. However, the maximum results of Tr and Gs were 6.31 mmol H₂O m^-2 s^-1 and 0.90 H₂O mol m^-2 s^-1, respectively, observed under T7 in Zhongmai 175 as compared to Jindong 22 at the flowering stage. The results revealed that grain yield 8696.93 kg ha^-1, grains spike^-1 51.33 (g), and 1000-grain weight 39.27 (g) were significantly higher, under T3 in Zhongmai 175, as compared to Jindong 22. Moreover, the spike number plot^-1 of 656.67 m² was significantly higher in Jindong 22, as compared to Zhongmai 175. It was concluded from the study that the combined application of nitrogen and manure fertilizers in winter wheat is significant for enhancing seed at the jointing and flowering stages. For increased grain yield and higher economic return, Zhongmai 175 outperformed the other cultivars examined. This research brings awareness toward the nitrogen-fertilizer-management approach established for farmers' practice, which might be observed as an instruction to increase agricultural management for the winter-wheat-growth season.

Keywords: Jindong 22; Zhongmai 175; grain yield; growth stages; total chlorophyll content; wheat cultivars.

Abstract

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