Evaluation of Ibuprofen Use on the Immune System Indicators and Force in Disabled Paralympic Powerlifters of Different Sport Levels

Felipe J Aidar; Guacira S Fraga; Márcio Getirana-Mota; Anderson Carlos Marçal; Jymmys L Santos; Raphael Fabricio de Souza; Lucio Marques Vieira-Souza; Alexandre Reis Pires Ferreira; Dihogo Gama de Matos; Paulo Francisco de Almeida-Neto; Nuno Domingos Garrido; Alfonso López Díaz-de-Durana; Beat Knechtle; Breno Guilherme de Araújo Tinoco Cabral; Eugenia Murawska-Ciałowicz; Hadi Nobari; Ana Filipa Silva; Filipe Manuel Clemente; Georgian Badicu

doi:10.3390/healthcare10071331

Evaluation of Ibuprofen Use on the Immune System Indicators and Force in Disabled Paralympic Powerlifters of Different Sport Levels

Healthcare (Basel). 2022 Jul 18;10(7):1331. doi: 10.3390/healthcare10071331.

Authors

Felipe J Aidar^{1

2

3

4}, Guacira S Fraga¹, Márcio Getirana-Mota^{1

2}, Anderson Carlos Marçal^{1

2}, Jymmys L Santos^{1

2}, Raphael Fabricio de Souza^{1

2

3}, Lucio Marques Vieira-Souza^{1

2

5}, Alexandre Reis Pires Ferreira⁶, Dihogo Gama de Matos⁷, Paulo Francisco de Almeida-Neto⁸, Nuno Domingos Garrido⁹, Alfonso López Díaz-de-Durana¹⁰, Beat Knechtle^{11

12}, Breno Guilherme de Araújo Tinoco Cabral⁸, Eugenia Murawska-Ciałowicz¹³, Hadi Nobari^{14

15}, Ana Filipa Silva^{16

17}, Filipe Manuel Clemente^{16

18}, Georgian Badicu¹⁹

Affiliations

¹ Graduate Program of Physical Education, Federal University of Sergipe (UFS), São Cristovão 49100-000, Brazil.
² Group of Studies and Research of Performance, Sport, Health and Paralympic Sports (GEPEPS), Federal University of Sergipe (UFS), São Cristovão 49100-000, Brazil.
³ Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Sergipe (UFS), São Cristovão 49100-000, Brazil.
⁴ Graduate Program of Physiological Science, Federal University of Sergipe (UFS), São Cristovão 49100-000, Brazil.
⁵ Department of Physical Education, State Univerity of Minas Gerais (UEMG), Passos 37900-106, Brazil.
⁶ College of Physical Education and Exercise Science, University of Brasília (UnB), Brasília 70910-900, Brazil.
⁷ Cardiovascular & Physiology of Exercise Laboratory, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada.
⁸ Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal 59064-741, Brazil.
⁹ Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development (CIDESD), University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal.
¹⁰ Sports Department, Physical Activity and Sports Faculty-INEF, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
¹¹ Institute of Primary Care, University of Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland.
¹² Medbase St. Gallen Am Vadianplatz, 9001 St. Gallen, Switzerland.
¹³ Physiology and Biochemistry Department, Wroclaw University of Health and Sport Sciences, 51-612 Wroclaw, Poland.
¹⁴ Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Educational Sciences and Psychology, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil 56199-11367, Iran.
¹⁵ Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Extremadura, 10003 Cáceres, Spain.
¹⁶ Escola Superior de Desporto e Lazer, Instituto Politécnico de Viana do Castelo, Rua Escola Industrial e Comercial de Nun'Álvares, 4900-347 Viana do Castelo, Portugal.
¹⁷ Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development (CIDESD), Polytechnic Institute of Maia, Maia, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal.
¹⁸ Instituto de Telecomunicações, Delegação da Covilhã, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal.
¹⁹ Department of Physical Education and Special Motricity, Transilvania University of Brasov, 500068 Brasov, Romania.

Abstract

Background: Paralympic powerlifting (PP) training is typically intense and causes fatigue and alterations in the immune system. Objective: To analyze whether IBU would affect performance and the immune system after training in PP. Methodology: 10 athletes at the national level (NL) and 10 at the regional level (RL) participated in the study, where force and blood indicators were evaluated after training. The study took place over three weeks: (1) familiarization and (2 and 3) comparison between recovery methods, with ibuprofen or placebo (IBU vs. PLA), 800 mg. In the evaluation of the force, the peak torque (PT), fatigue index (FI), and blood immune system biomarkers were analyzed. The training consisted of five sets of five repetitions with 80% of one maximum repetition (5 × 5, 80% 1RM) on the bench press. Results: The PT at the national level using IBU was higher than with PLA (p = 0.007, η2p = 0.347), and the FI in the NL was lower with IBU than with PLA (p = 0.002, η2p = 0.635), and when comparing the use of IBU, the NL showed less fatigue than the regional level (p = 0.004, η2p = 0.414). Leukocytes, with the use of IBU in the NL group, were greater than in the RL (p = 0.001, η2p = 0.329). Neutrophils, in the NL with IBU, were greater than in the RL with IBU and PLA (p = 0.025, η2p = 0.444). Lymphocytes, in NL with IBU were lower than in RL with IBU and PLA (p = 0.001, η2p = 0.491). Monocytes, in the NL with IBU and PLA, were lower than in the RL with IBU (p = 0.049, η2p = 0.344). For hemoglobin, hematocrit, and erythrocyte, the NL with IBU and PLA were higher than the RL with IBU and PLA (p < 0.05). Ammonia, with the use of IBU in the NL, obtained values higher than in the RL (p = 0.007), and with the use of PLA, the NL was higher than the RL (p = 0.038, η2p = 0.570). Conclusion: The training level tends to influence the immune system and, combined with the use of the IBU, it tends to improve recovery and the immune system.

Keywords: ibuprofen; immune system; muscle strength; paralympic powerlifting; recovery of function.

Grants and funding

Nuno Domingos Garrido and Ana Filipa Silva was funded by FCT—Fundação Portuguesa para a Ciência e Tecnologia (UID04045/2020).