Distribution, behavior, and risk assessment of chlorinated paraffins in paddy plants throughout whole growth cycle

Xinyu Du; Bo Yuan; Jun Li; Ge Yin; Yanling Qiu; Jianfu Zhao; Xuchuan Duan; Yan Wu; Tian Lin; Yihui Zhou

doi:10.1016/j.envint.2022.107404

Distribution, behavior, and risk assessment of chlorinated paraffins in paddy plants throughout whole growth cycle

Environ Int. 2022 Sep:167:107404. doi: 10.1016/j.envint.2022.107404. Epub 2022 Jul 15.

Authors

Xinyu Du¹, Bo Yuan², Jun Li³, Ge Yin⁴, Yanling Qiu⁵, Jianfu Zhao⁵, Xuchuan Duan⁶, Yan Wu⁷, Tian Lin⁸, Yihui Zhou⁹

Affiliations

¹ College of Marine Ecology and Environment, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China; State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China.
² Department of Environmental Science, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Chemistry, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway.
³ School of the Earth Sciences and Resources, China University of Geosciences, Beijing 100083, China. Electronic address: junli@cugb.edu.cn.
⁴ Shimadzu (China) Co., LTD, Shanghai 200233, China.
⁵ State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China.
⁶ School of the Earth Sciences and Resources, China University of Geosciences, Beijing 100083, China.
⁷ Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science (Ministry of Education), School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China.
⁸ College of Marine Ecology and Environment, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China.
⁹ State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China. Electronic address: jcapitalzyh@yahoo.com.

PMID: 35868077
DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2022.107404

Abstract

Paddy plants provide staple food for 3 billion people worldwide. This study explores the environmental fate and behavior of a high-volume production emerging contaminants chlorinated paraffins (CPs) in the paddy ecosystem. Very-short-, short-, medium-, and long-chain CPs (vSCCPs, SCCPs, MCCPs, and LCCPs, respectively) were analyzed in specific tissue of paddy plants at four main growth stages and soils from the Yangtze River Delta, China throughout a full rice growing season. The total CP concentrations in the paddy roots, stalks, leaves, panicles, hulls, rice, and soils ranged from 181 to 1.74 × 10³, 21.7-383, 19.6-585, 108-332, 245-470, 59.6-130, and 99.6-400 ng/g dry weight, respectively. The distribution profile indicated the translocation of SCCPs and MCCPs from soils to paddy tissue, highlighting their elevated bioaccumulative potential. The evolution of CP level/mass/pattern during the whole growth cycle suggested atmospheric CPs deposition on leaves and hulls, as well as stalk-rice transfer. CSOIL plant uptake model well predicted the level, distribution pattern, and bioconcentration factors (BCFs) of SCCPs and MCCPs in paddy shoot and recognized the soil-air-shoot pathway as the major contributor. Moreover, risk evaluation indicated that MCCPs intake and subsequent risks dominated the total exposure to CPs via rice ingestion. This is the first report on the occurrence, fate and risk assessment of all CPs classes in paddy ecosystems, and the results underline the potential health effects caused by the in-use MCCPs via rice ingestion.

Keywords: Chlorinated paraffins; Paddy ecosystem; Plant uptake modeling; Rice ingestion risks; Tissue distribution.

Publication types

Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

MeSH terms

China
Ecosystem
Environmental Monitoring / methods
Humans
Hydrocarbons, Chlorinated* / analysis
Oryza*
Paraffin / analysis
Risk Assessment
Soil

Substances

Hydrocarbons, Chlorinated
Soil
Paraffin