Anticancer activity of G4-targeting phenoxazine derivatives in vitro

Abstract

G4-stabilizing ligands are now being considered as anticancer, antiviral and antibacterial agents. Phenoxazine is a promising scaffold for the development of G4 ligands. Here, we profiled two known phenoxazine-based nucleoside analogs and five new nucleoside and non-nucleoside derivatives against G4 targets from telomere repeats and the KIT promoter region. Leading new derivatives exhibited remarkably high G4-stabilizing effects (comparable or superior to the effects of the commonly used selective G4 ligands PDS and NMM) and selectivity toward G4s over duplex (superior to BRACO-19). All phenoxazine-based ligands inhibited cellular metabolic activity. The phenoxazine derivatives were particularly toxic for lung adenocarcinoma cells A549' and human liver cancer cells HepG2 (CC₅₀ of the nucleoside analogues in the nanomolar range), but also affected breast cancer cells MCF7, as well as immortalized fibroblasts VA13 and embryonic kidney cells HEK293t (CC₅₀ in the micromolar range). Importantly, the CC₅₀ values varied mostly in accordance with G4-binding affinities and G4-stabilizing effects, and the phenoxazine derivatives localized in the cell nuclei, which corroborates G4-mediated mechanisms of action.

Keywords: Cytotoxicity; Drug design; G-quadruplex; Ligand; Phenoxazine; Thermal stability.