Investigating the effect of e-cigarette use on quitting smoking in adults aged 25 years or more using the PATH study

Peter N Lee; John S Fry

doi:10.12688/f1000research.26167.3

Investigating the effect of e-cigarette use on quitting smoking in adults aged 25 years or more using the PATH study

F1000Res. 2020 Sep 7:9:1099. doi: 10.12688/f1000research.26167.3. eCollection 2020.

Authors

Peter N Lee¹, John S Fry²

Affiliations

¹ P.N.Lee Statistics and Computing, Sutton, Surrey, SM2 5DA, UK.
² RoeLee Statistics Ltd, Sutton, Surrey, SM2 5DA, UK.

Abstract

Background: The evidence on harms and benefits of e-cigarettes partly concerns whether their use encourages smokers to quit. We addressed this using data from the nationally representative PATH study, with detailed accounting for potential confounding variables. Methods: We considered adults aged 25+. Our original analyses, reported in version 1 of this paper, used data for Waves 1 to 3, separate analyses considering Waves 1 to 2, 2 to 3 and 1 to 3. These related baseline ever e-cigarette use (or e-product use at Wave 2) to quitting at follow-up, adjusting for confounders derived from 55 candidates. Sensitivity analyses omitted ever other product users, linked quitting to current e-cigarette use, and used values of some predictors modified using follow-up data. Additional analyses used data for Waves 1 to 4, separately considering sustained, delayed and temporary quitting during Waves 1 to 3, 2 to 4 and 1 to 4. Sensitivity analyses considered 30-day quitting, restricted attention to smokers attempting to quit, and considered ever smokeless tobacco or snus use. Results: In the original analyses, unadjusted odds ratios (ORs) of quitting smoking for ever e-cigarette use were 1.29 (95% CI 1.01-1.66), 1.52 (1.26-1.83) and 1.47 (1.19-1.82) for the Wave 1 to 2, 2 to 3, and 1 to 3 analyses. These reduced after adjustment, to 1.23 (0.94-1.61), 1.51 (1.24-1.85) and 1.39 (1.11-1.74). Quitting rates remained elevated in users in all sensitivity analyses. The additional analyses found associations of e-cigarette use with sustained, delayed and temporary quitting, associations little affected by considering 30-day quitting, and only slightly reduced restricting attention to quit attempters. Ever use of smokeless tobacco or snus also predicted increased quitting. Conclusions: As does most evidence from clinical trials, other analyses of PATH, and other epidemiological studies, our results suggest using e-cigarettes helps adult smokers to quit.

Keywords: Cessation; Cigarettes; Confounding; E-cigarettes; Modelling; Over-adjustment.

Grants and funding

Financial support for the original analyses based on Waves 1, 2 and 3 was provided by Philip Morris Products SA. Financial support for the additional analysis based on Waves 1 to 4 was provided by P N Lee Statistics and Computing Ltd. While some technical comments were provided by Philip Morris Products SA on drafts of the statistical plan for the original analysis and for version 1 of this publication, the final versions remain the responsibility of the authors.