An Implementation of Trust Chain Framework with Hierarchical Content Identifier Mechanism by Using Blockchain Technology

Hsing-Chung Chen; Bambang Irawan; Pei-Yu Hsu; Jhih-Sheng Su; Chun-Wei Jerry Lin; Prayitno; Karisma Trinanda Putra; Cahya Damarjati; Chien-Erh Weng; Yao-Hsien Liang; Pi-Hsien Chang

doi:10.3390/s22134831

An Implementation of Trust Chain Framework with Hierarchical Content Identifier Mechanism by Using Blockchain Technology

Sensors (Basel). 2022 Jun 26;22(13):4831. doi: 10.3390/s22134831.

Authors

Hsing-Chung Chen^{1

2}, Bambang Irawan^{1

3}, Pei-Yu Hsu¹, Jhih-Sheng Su¹, Chun-Wei Jerry Lin⁴, Prayitno^{1

5}, Karisma Trinanda Putra⁶, Cahya Damarjati⁷, Chien-Erh Weng⁸, Yao-Hsien Liang¹, Pi-Hsien Chang⁹

Affiliations

¹ Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering, Asia University, Taichung 413305, Taiwan.
² Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung 404327, Taiwan.
³ Department of Computer Science, Esa Unggul University, West Jakarta 11510, Indonesia.
⁴ Department of Computer Science, Electrical Engineering and Mathematical Sciences, Western Norway University of Applied, 5063 Bergen, Norway.
⁵ Department of Electrical Engineering, Politeknik Negeri Semarang, Semarang 50194, Indonesia.
⁶ Department of Electrical Engineering, Universitas Muhammadiyah Yogyakarta, Bantul 55183, Indonesia.
⁷ Department of Information Technology, Universitas Muhammadiyah Yogyakarta, Bantul 55183, Indonesia.
⁸ Department of Telecommunication Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung 81157, Taiwan.
⁹ Information Management Center, Taichung City Government, Taichung 407610, Taiwan.

Abstract

Advances in information technology (IT) and operation technology (OT) accelerate the development of manufacturing systems (MS) consisting of integrated circuits (ICs), modules, and systems, toward Industry 4.0. However, the existing MS does not support comprehensive identity forensics for the whole system, limiting its ability to adapt to equipment authentication difficulties. Furthermore, the development of trust imposed during their crosswise collaborations with suppliers and other manufacturers in the supply chain is poorly maintained. In this paper, a trust chain framework with a comprehensive identification mechanism is implemented for the designed MS system, which is based and created on the private blockchain in conjunction with decentralized database systems to boost the flexibility, traceability, and identification of the IC-module-system. Practical implementations are developed using a functional prototype. First, the decentralized application (DApp) and the smart contracts are proposed for constructing the new trust chain under the proposed comprehensive identification mechanism by using blockchain technology. In addition, the blockchain addresses of IC, module, and system are automatically registered to InterPlanetary File System (IPFS), individually. In addition, their corresponding hierarchical CID (content identifier) values are organized by using Merkle DAG (Directed Acyclic Graph), which is employed via the hierarchical content identifier mechanism (HCIDM) proposed in this paper. Based on insights obtained from this analysis, the trust chain based on HCIDM can be applied to any MS system, for example, this trust chain could be used to prevent the counterfeit modules and ICs employed in the monitoring system of a semiconductor factory environment. The evaluation results show that the proposed scheme could work in practice under the much lower costs, compared to the public blockchain, with a total cost of 0.002094 Ether. Finally, this research is developed an innovation trust chain mechanism that could be provided the system-level security for any MS toward Industrial 4.0 in order to meet the requirements of both manufacturing innovation and product innovation in Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).

Keywords: blockchain; comprehensive identification mechanism; manufacturing innovation and product innovation; trust chain framework.

MeSH terms

Blockchain*
Technology

Grants and funding

This work was funded by the Ministry of Science and Technology (MOST), Taiwan, under MOST grant numbers: 111-2218-E-468-001-MBK, 110-2218-E-468-001-MBK, 110-2221-E-468-007, and 110-2218-E-002-044.