Motivation: Inferring gene regulatory networks in non-independent genetically related panels is a methodological challenge. This hampers evolutionary and biological studies using heterozygote individuals such as in wild sunflower populations or cultivated hybrids.
Results: First, we simulated 100 datasets of gene expressions and polymorphisms, displaying the same gene expression distributions, heterozygosities and heritabilities as in our dataset including 173 genes and 353 genotypes measured in sunflower hybrids. Secondly, we performed a meta-analysis based on six inference methods [least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (Lasso), Random Forests, Bayesian Networks, Markov Random Fields, Ordinary Least Square and fast inference of networks from directed regulation (Findr)] and selected the minimal density networks for better accuracy with 64 edges connecting 79 genes and 0.35 area under precision and recall (AUPR) score on average. We identified that triangles and mutual edges are prone to errors in the inferred networks. Applied on classical datasets without heterozygotes, our strategy produced a 0.65 AUPR score for one dataset of the DREAM5 Systems Genetics Challenge. Finally, we applied our method to an experimental dataset from sunflower hybrids. We successfully inferred a network composed of 105 genes connected by 106 putative regulations with a major connected component.
Availability and implementation: Our inference methodology dedicated to genomic and transcriptomic data is available at https://forgemia.inra.fr/sunrise/inference_methods.
Supplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
© The Author(s) 2022. Published by Oxford University Press. All rights reserved. For permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions@oup.com.