Nature and Composition of Earnings Reported by Health Economists and Related Professionals: Gender, Education, and job Characteristics Matter

Ioana Popovici; Manuel J Carvajal; Patti Peeples; Silvia E Rabionet

doi:10.1177/23333928221106039

Nature and Composition of Earnings Reported by Health Economists and Related Professionals: Gender, Education, and job Characteristics Matter

Health Serv Res Manag Epidemiol. 2022 Jun 23:9:23333928221106039. doi: 10.1177/23333928221106039. eCollection 2022 Jan-Dec.

Authors

Ioana Popovici¹, Manuel J Carvajal¹, Patti Peeples², Silvia E Rabionet^{1

3}

Affiliations

¹ Department of Sociobehavioral and Administrative Pharmacy, Nova Southeastern University, College of Pharmacy, Fort Lauderdale, FL, USA.
² Founder and CEO, HealthEconomics.com and Principal Researcher, HE Institute, Jacksonville, FL.
³ University of Puerto Rico, Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan, Puerto Rico.

Abstract

Background: Despite the fast growth of the workforce comprising health economics (HE), outcomes research (OR), and market access (MA) professionals, little is known about their earnings determination. Only three studies have examined their earnings and none has considered the number of hours worked, traditionally a critical component of income determination models.

Objectives: (i) Estimate an indicator of annual earnings of HE/OR/MA professionals, comparing male versus female and U.S. versus non-U.S. earnings levels, and (ii) assess the magnitude of the effect of selected human-capital and job-related covariates on their annual earnings determination.

Methods: The study used 2019 self-reported survey data from a sample of 304 HE/OR/MA professionals registered in the HealthEconomics.com global subscriber list. A two-way classification model with multiple replications was used to identify and test earnings variations of HE/OR/MA professionals across genders and locations. An earnings determination function using ordinary least squares was used to identify disparities in response to covariates including average workweek, human-capital stock, and job-related variables by gender and location.

Results: Substantial earning disparities were observed between HE/OR/MA professionals living in the U.S. and those living in other countries. Non-U.S. respondents exhibited earnings gaps of 44.7% in wages/salaries and 46.8% in total earnings relative to their U.S. counterparts with greater gaps for women than men. The female earnings gap outside the U.S. was considerably greater than in the U.S. Holding a graduate degree; working in a pharmaceutical or biotechnology firm; age, a proxy for experience; and working remotely impacted earnings differentials across different subgroups.

Conclusions: The findings of this paper shed light into the nature and composition of earnings of HE/OR/MA professionals across genders and locations. Exploring the dynamics of earning disparities by gender and location has increased in relevance given the rapidly-changing and uncertain job market environment driven by the COVID-19 pandemic.

Keywords: COVID-19; earnings determination; earnings inequality; gender disparities; health economics and outcomes research workforce; market access workforce; remote work; wages and salaries.