Antimony and sleep health outcomes: NHANES 2009-2016

Abstract

Objectives: Following an earlier National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2005-2008 analysis, we investigated the association between urine antimony and sleep health using more recent data, new measures of sleep health, and multiple measures of urine density adjustment in NHANES 2009-2016.

Design: A cross-sectional study.

Setting: United States, national population-based survey.

Measurements: Multinomial logistic regression (sleep duration) and a generalized linear model with log-binomial regression (OSA, daytime sleepiness, sleep problems) were used to analyze the association of urinary antimony with sleep health outcomes. Urine creatinine and osmolality were considered, combined with statistical adjustment and standardization to account for urine density.

Participants: A total of 8133 adult participants over 20 years of age were used using NHANES 2009-2016.

Results: We did not observe associations between urine antimony and short sleep duration or sleep problems. We observed mixed results for long sleep duration; there was a negative association in NHANES 2015-2016 and no association in NHANES 2009-2014. For self-reported symptoms of OSA, which were only available in 2015-2016, we observed a positive association for upper quartile urine antimony compared with the first quartile (RR = 1.24; 95% CI: 1.03, 1.50) and a test for trend, P= .02.

Conclusion: Urinary antimony was not consistently associated with short sleep duration, long sleep duration, or sleep problems, despite the findings from a relatively recent scientific article using earlier waves of NHANES. We observed a positive association between antimony and symptoms of OSA; this cross-sectional analysis requires confirmation.

Keywords: NHANES; Obstructive sleep apnea; Osmolality; Sleep; Urinary antimony; Urinary creatinine.