The 3% Oxygen Desaturation Index is an Independent Risk Factor for Hypertension Among Children with Obstructive Sleep Apnea

Hai-Hua Chuang; Chao-Yung Wang; Li-Pang Chuang; Yu-Shu Huang; Hsueh-Yu Li; Tuan-Jen Fang; Rong-Ho Lin; Li-Ang Lee

doi:10.2147/NSS.S362557

The 3% Oxygen Desaturation Index is an Independent Risk Factor for Hypertension Among Children with Obstructive Sleep Apnea

Nat Sci Sleep. 2022 Jun 16:14:1149-1164. doi: 10.2147/NSS.S362557. eCollection 2022.

Authors

Hai-Hua Chuang^{1

2

3}, Chao-Yung Wang⁴, Li-Pang Chuang⁵, Yu-Shu Huang⁶, Hsueh-Yu Li⁷, Tuan-Jen Fang⁷, Rong-Ho Lin², Li-Ang Lee^{3

7}

Affiliations

¹ Department of Family Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou Main Branch, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.
² Department of Industrial Engineering and Management, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei, Taiwan.
³ School of Medicine, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan.
⁴ Department of Cardiology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou Main Branch, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.
⁵ Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou Main Branch, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.
⁶ Department of Child Psychiatry, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou Main Branch, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.
⁷ Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou Main Branch, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.

Abstract

Background: Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) and obesity are both directional risk factors of hypertension. Chronic intermittent hypoxemia (IH) is a commonly observed pathophysiological mechanism involved in multiple comorbidities of OSA. However, their interactions are not well understood in children. This study aimed to investigate the associations of IH indexes (oxygen desaturation index 3% [ODI3], mean peripheral oxygen saturation [SpO₂], least SpO₂, and time with SpO₂ < 85%), apnea-hypopnea index, and weight status with hypertension in a sample of pediatric OSA patients.

Methods: The medical records of 365 pediatric OSA patients were retrospectively reviewed in this cross-sectional study. Demographics, anthropometrics, standard in-laboratory polysomnography, and nocturnal blood pressure were collected. Multivariate logistic regression with forward selection was used to identify independent predictors of hypertension.

Results: Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that ODI3 (odds ratio [OR] = 1.02, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.01-1.03) and body mass index z-score (OR = 1.34, 95% CI = 1.12-1.60) were independent continuous predictors of pediatric hypertension, whilst severe OSA (OR = 2.62, 95% CI = 1.60-4.29) and overweight/obesity (OR = 2.63, 95% CI = 1.59-4.34) were independent categorical predictors. Traditional risk factors including male sex (OR = 2.33, 95% CI = 1.02-5.33), late childhood/adolescence (OR = 1.98, 95% CI = 1.01-3.88), and overweight/obesity (OR = 2.97, 95% CI = 1.56-5.67) combined with sleep hypoxemia (least SpO₂ ≤ 95%) (OR = 2.24, 95% CI = 1.16-4.04) predicted hypertension (R ² = 0.21) in the severe IH subgroup (n = 205), while the no/mild IH subgroup (n = 160) had an entirely different predictor, severe OSA (OR = 3.81, 95% CI = 1.49-9.74) (R ² = 0.07).

Conclusion: The close relationships among IH, overweight/obesity, and hypertension highlight the importance of reducing IH and body weight in children with OSA.

Keywords: children; intermittent hypoxemia; obesity; obstructive sleep apnea; oxygen desaturation index; predictive model.