Background: Tim-3/Galectin-9 is involved in the immune escape of many pathogens. However, the role of Tim-3/Galectin-9 in persistent infection of Echinococcus multilocularis (Em), which is related to immune escape, is still unclear.
Objective: To investigate the role of Tim-3/Galectin-9 and related cytokines in mice with persistent infection of Em.
Methods: Em infection model was established by injecting the protoscoleces. Serum was collected at days 2, 8, 30, 60, 90, 180 and 270 after infection. Lymphocytes were isolated from liver tissue samples with Ficoll. Tim-3 + CD4 + T percentage was analyzed by flow cytometry. CD4 + T cells were isolated from liver tissues of Em infected mice and cultured in vitro. The mRNA levels of Tim-3, Galectin-9, IFN-γ and IL-4 were detected by qRT-PCR. Cytokine levels in serum and culture supernatant (IFN-γ and IL-4) were analyzed by cytometric bead array.
Results: The expression of Tim-3 and Galectin-9 mRNA significantly increased after 30 days of infection, reached peak on day 90, and then decreased slightly on days 180-270. The expression of IFN-γ mRNA, increased on day 2 and 8 after infection, slightly decreased on days 30-60, and obvious decreased on days 90-270, but were still higher than those of the control group. The expression of IL-4 mRNA gradually increased along with the time of infection. In serum of Em infected mice, level of IFN-γ peaked at day 30 and then gradually decreased; whereas IL-4 level peaked at day 90 and then gradually decreased. In vitro experiment found that Tim-3/Galectin-9 directly caused the changes in the levels of IFN-γ and IL-4.
Conclusions: Tim-3/Galectin-9 signaling pathway may be involved in the development of persistent infection of Em by regulating the production of Th1 and Th2 cytokines.
Keywords: Cytokines; Echinococcus infection; Tim-3/Galectin-9 pathway.
© 2022. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature B.V.