Spatiotemporal patterns of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans and dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls in foodstuffs in air quality regions in Taiwan

Ching-Chang Lee; Wei-Hsiang Chang; Hsin-Tang Lin; Jung-Wei Chang

doi:10.38212/2224-6614.1216

Spatiotemporal patterns of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans and dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls in foodstuffs in air quality regions in Taiwan

J Food Drug Anal. 2020 Sep 15;28(3):375-398. doi: 10.38212/2224-6614.1216.

Authors

Ching-Chang Lee^{1

2}, Wei-Hsiang Chang^{2

3}, Hsin-Tang Lin⁴, Jung-Wei Chang⁵

Affiliations

¹ Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan.
² Research Center for Environmental Trace Toxic Substances, National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan.
³ Department of Food Safety / Hygiene and Risk Management, National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan.
⁴ Graduate Institute of Food Safety, National Chung Hsing University, Taiwan.
⁵ Institute of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taiwan.

Abstract

High-fat food intake is the main source of dioxin-like compounds for humans, such as consumption of meat, dairy and eggs, and seafood products. Fruits, vegetables, and cereals have relatively low levels of dioxin-like compounds, but because of high consumption they also contribute to the food-borne intake. It is necessary to clarify dietary dioxin exposure affected by different food contamination levels and dietary habits among different geographic areas. We aimed to evaluate chronic dietary PCDD/Fs and DL-PCBs exposure in 725 individual foods in 14 categories in 6 Taiwan air quality regions (AQRs) and a total of 2441 foods from 2004 to 2018. We estimated daily PCDD/Fs + DL-PCBs intake on the basis of sex- and age-specific foodstuff ingestion rate and PCDD/Fs+ DL-PCBs concentrations using a probabilistic approach. PCDD/F+ DL-PCB levels among the different sampling periods exhibited a decreasing trend in fish and aquatic products (from 0.384 ± 0.764 to 0.206±0.223pgWHO₀₅-TEQg^-1 w.w.) (p for trend=0.043), livestock products (from 0.133±0.298 to 0.035±0.043 pgWHO₀₅-TEQ g^-1 w.w.), eggs (from 0.221 ± 0.373 to 0.056 ± 0.048 pgWHO₀₅-TEQ g^-1 w.w.) (p for trend = 0.002), and dairy samples (from 0.066 ± 0.075 to 0.024 ± 0.026 pgWHO₀₅-TEQ g^-1 w.w.) (p for trend= 0.001). All lifetime average daily doses (LADD) were below provisional tolerable monthly intake (PTMI) but higher than the TWI for PCDD/Fs and DL-PCBs in food. The percentages of the contribution of each food group to the total dietary intake of TEQ_PCDD/F+PCB in different ambient air dispersion areas and age groups. The total daily intake of PCDD/Fs and DL-PCBs by Taiwanese differed between AQRs (0.188-0.397 pgWHO₀₅-TEQ kg^-1 b.w. day^-1). The observed geographical variations were likely due to differences in food habits, cuisines, culture and levels of environmental contamination among various regions in Taiwan. By sensitivity analysis, we have identified the major contribution to LADD, which was the dioxin levels in marine fish, fresh water fish and fish related products, and followed by dioxin levels in duck eggs. In addition, marine and freshwater fish consumption rate accounts more than 10.2%. These major exposure variables was also consistent with the findings of total daily intake in different AQRs.

Grants and funding

We would also like to extend thanks to the Taiwan Food and Drug Administration, Ministry of Health and Welfare for their financial support.