Inequalities in demand satisfied with modern methods of family planning among women aged 15-49 years: a secondary data analysis of Demographic and Health Surveys of six South Asian countries

Abstract

Objective: To estimate educational and wealth inequalities in demand satisfied with modern methods of family planning (mDFPS).

Design: A secondary data analyses of Demographic and Health Surveys.

Setting: Six South Asian countries, Afghanistan (2015), Bangladesh (2014), India (2015-2016), Maldives (2016-2017), Nepal (2016) and Pakistan (2017-2018).

Participants: Women aged 15-49 years. Primary and secondary outcome measures mDFPS was defined as married women aged 15-49 years or their partners, who desired no child, no additional children or to postpone the next pregnancy and who are currently using any modern contraceptive method. We estimated weighted and age-standardised estimates of mDFPS. We calculated the slope index of inequality (SII) and relative index of inequality (RII) as the measures of socioeconomic inequalities.

Results: A total of 782 639 women were surveyed. The response rate was 84.0% and above. The prevalence of mDFPS was below 50% in Maldives (22.8%, 95% CI 20.7 to 25.0), Pakistan (42.0%, 95% CI 39.9 to 44.0) and Afghanistan (39.1%, 95% CI 36.9 to 41.3), whereas Bangladesh had achieved 76% (75.8%, 95% CI 74.2 to 77.3). Both wealth and educational inequalities varied in magnitude and direction between the countries. Except in Nepal and Bangladesh, mDFPS wealth inequalities showed a trend of increasing mDFPS as we moved towards richer, and richest wealth quintiles that is, pro-poor (RII (0.5 to 0.9); SII (-4.9 to -23.0)). In India and Nepal, higher versus no education was in favour of no education (higher mDFPS among not educated women) (RII 1.1 and 1.4; SII 4.1 and 15.3, respectively) and reverse in other countries ((RII (0.4 to 0.8); SII (-10.5 to -30.3)). Afghanistan, Maldives and Pakistan fared badly in both educational and wealth inequalities among the countries.

Conclusions: South Asia region still has a long way ahead towards achieving universal access to mDFPS. Diverse patterns of socioeconomic inequalities between the countries call for national governments and international development agencies to target the population subgroups for improving the mDFPS coverage.

Keywords: South Asia; family planning; inequalities: demand satisfied; modern methods.