Cardioprotective Effects of 1-(3,6-Dibromo-carbazol-9-yl)-3-Phenylamino-Propan-2-Ol in Diabetic Hearts via Nicotinamide Phosphoribosyltransferase Activation

Abstract

Diabetes is associated with increased cardiac injury and sudden death. Nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (Nampt) is an essential enzyme for the NAD⁺ salvage pathway and is dysregulated in diabetes. Nampt activation results in rescued NADH/NAD⁺ ratios and provides pharmacological changes necessary for diabetic cardioprotection. Computer docking shows that 1-(3,6-Dibromo-carbazol-9-yl)-3-phenylamino-propan-2-ol (P7C3) allows for enhanced Nampt dimerization and association. To test the pharmacological application, we used male leptin receptor-deficient (db/db) mice and treated them with Nampt activator P7C3. The effects of 4-week P7C3 treatment on cardiac function were evaluated along with molecular signaling changes for phosphorylated protein kinase B (p-AKT), phosphorylated endothelial nitric oxide synthase (p-eNOS), and sirtuin 1 (SIRT1). The cardiac function evaluated by ECG and echocardiography were significantly improved after 4 weeks of P7C3 treatment. Biochemically, higher NADH/NAD⁺ ratios in diabetic hearts were rescued by P7C3 treatment. Moreover, activities of Nampt and SIRT1 were significantly increased in P7C3-treated diabetic hearts. P7C3 treatment significantly decreased the blood glucose in diabetic mice with 4-week treatment as noted by glucose tolerance test and fasting blood glucose measurements compared with vehicle-treated mice. P7C3 activated Nampt enzymatic activity both in vitro and in the 4-week diabetic mouse hearts, demonstrating the specificity of the small molecule. P7C3 treatment significantly enhanced the expression of cardioprotective signaling of p-AKT, p-eNOS, and Beclin 1 in diabetic hearts. Nampt activator P7C3 allows for decreased infarct size with decreased Troponin I and lactose dehydrogenase (LDH) release, which is beneficial to the heart. Overall, the present study shows that P7C3 activates Nampt and SIRT1 activity and decreases NADH/NAD⁺ ratio, resulting in improved biochemical signaling providing cardioprotection. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: This study shows that 1-(3,6-Dibromo-carbazol-9-yl)-3-phenylamino-propan-2-ol (P7C3) is effective in treating diabetes and cardiovascular diseases. The novel small molecule is antiarrhythmic and improves the ejection fraction in diabetic hearts. The study successfully demonstrated that P7C3 decreases the infarct size in hearts during myocardial infarction and ischemia-reperfusion injury. Biochemical and cellular signaling show increased NAD⁺ levels, along with Nampt activity involved in upregulating protective signaling in the diabetic heart. P7C3 has high therapeutic potential for rescuing heart disease.