1 Department of Medicine, Division of General Medical Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA.
2 Institute for Informatics, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA.
3 Center for Health Equity Research and Promotion (CHERP), Corporal Michael Crescenz VA Medical Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
4 Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
5 Leonard Davis Institute of Health Economics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.