Sequence dependence of transient Hoogsteen base pairing in DNA

PLoS Comput Biol. 2022 May 26;18(5):e1010113. doi: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1010113. eCollection 2022 May.

Abstract

Hoogsteen (HG) base pairing is characterized by a 180° rotation of the purine base with respect to the Watson-Crick-Franklin (WCF) motif. Recently, it has been found that both conformations coexist in a dynamical equilibrium and that several biological functions require HG pairs. This relevance has motivated experimental and computational investigations of the base-pairing transition. However, a systematic simulation of sequence variations has remained out of reach. Here, we employ advanced path-based methods to perform unprecedented free-energy calculations. Our methodology enables us to study the different mechanisms of purine rotation, either remaining inside or after flipping outside of the double helix. We study seven different sequences, which are neighbor variations of a well-studied A⋅T pair in A6-DNA. We observe the known effect of A⋅T steps favoring HG stability, and find evidence of triple-hydrogen-bonded neighbors hindering the inside transition. More importantly, we identify a dominant factor: the direction of the A rotation, with the 6-ring pointing either towards the longer or shorter segment of the chain, respectively relating to a lower or higher barrier. This highlights the role of DNA's relative flexibility as a modulator of the WCF/HG dynamic equilibrium. Additionally, we provide a robust methodology for future HG proclivity studies.

Publication types

  • Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

MeSH terms

  • Base Pairing
  • DNA* / chemistry
  • DNA* / genetics
  • Hydrogen Bonding
  • Molecular Conformation
  • Nucleic Acid Conformation
  • Purines*
  • Thermodynamics

Substances

  • Purines
  • DNA

Grants and funding

Simulations were performed on the carbon cluster at the University of Amsterdam and on the Dutch national e-infrastructure with the support of SURF Cooperative (SURFSARA) [2020.015]. A.P.A.O. received funding and a salary from the Mexican National Council for Science and Technology (CONACYT) [327780 / 382262]. Funding for open access was provided by the University of Amsterdam. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.