Machine Learning-Based Evaluation on Craniodentofacial Morphological Harmony of Patients After Orthodontic Treatment

Xin Wang; Xiaoke Zhao; Guangying Song; Jianwei Niu; Tianmin Xu

doi:10.3389/fphys.2022.862847

Machine Learning-Based Evaluation on Craniodentofacial Morphological Harmony of Patients After Orthodontic Treatment

Front Physiol. 2022 May 9:13:862847. doi: 10.3389/fphys.2022.862847. eCollection 2022.

Authors

Xin Wang¹, Xiaoke Zhao^{2

3

4}, Guangying Song^{1

5}, Jianwei Niu^{2

3

4}, Tianmin Xu^{1

5}

Affiliations

¹ Department of Orthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China.
² State Key Laboratory of Virtual Reality Technology and Systems, School of Computer Science and Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China.
³ Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Big Data and Brain Computing (BDBC), Beihang University, Beijing, China.
⁴ Hangzhou Innovation Research Institute, Beihang University, Beijing, China.
⁵ NHC Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Computerized Dentistry, Beijing, China.

Abstract

Objectives: Machine learning is increasingly being used in the medical field. Based on machine learning models, the present study aims to improve the prediction performance of craniodentofacial morphological harmony judgment after orthodontic treatment and to determine the most significant factors. Methods: A dataset of 180 subjects was randomly selected from a large sample of 3,706 finished orthodontic cases from six top orthodontic treatment centers around China. Thirteen algorithms were used to predict the value of the cephalometric morphological harmony score of each subject and to search for the optimal model. Based on the feature importance ranking and by removing features, the regression models of machine learning (including the Adaboost, ExtraTree, XGBoost, and linear regression models) were used to predict and compare the score of harmony for each subject from the dataset with cross validations. By analyzing the prediction values, the most optimal model and the most significant cephalometric characteristics were determined. Results: When nine features were included, the performance of the XGBoost regression model was MAE = 0.267, RMSE = 0.341, and Pearson correlation coefficient = 0.683, which indicated that the XGBoost regression model exhibited the best fitting and predicting performance for craniodentofacial morphological harmony judgment. Nine cephalometric features including L1/NB (inclination of the lower central incisors), ANB (sagittal position between the maxilla and mandible), LL-EP (distance from the point of the prominence of the lower lip to the aesthetic plane), SN/OP (inclination of the occlusal plane), SNB (sagittal position of the mandible in relation to the cranial base), U1/SN (inclination of the upper incisors to the cranial base), L1-NB (protrusion of the lower central incisors), Ns-Prn-Pos (nasal protrusion), and U1/L1 (relationship between the protrusions of the upper and lower central incisors) were revealed to significantly influence the judgment. Conclusion: The application of the XGBoost regression model enhanced the predictive ability regarding the craniodentofacial morphological harmony evaluation by experts after orthodontic treatment. Teeth position, teeth alignment, jaw position, and soft tissue morphology would be the most significant factors influencing the judgment. The methodology also provided guidance for the application of machine learning models to resolve medical problems characterized by limited sample size.

Keywords: cephalometric analysis; facial harmony; machine learning; malocclusion; orthodontic treatment.