Clinical analysis of the etiological spectrum of bilateral adrenal lesions: A large retrospective, single-center study

Abstract

Purpose: To investigate the clinical characteristics, endocrinological function, and etiology of bilateral adrenal lesions in hospitalized patients.

Methods: A retrospective study of 777 patients with bilateral adrenal lesions was conducted at the Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital between January 2013 and January 2018. Patients' demographic features, hormonal profiles, imaging findings, and histopathological findings were reviewed from database records.

Results: Of the 777 patients with bilateral adrenal lesions, 495 were men. The mean age at diagnosis was 52.0 ± 13.0 years. Overall, 511 (65.8%) cases were benign, followed by adrenal metastases (n = 224, 28.8%), pheochromocytoma (n = 26, 3.3%), adrenal lymphoma (n = 9, 1.2%), and adrenal corticocarcinoma (ACC; n = 7, 0.9%). Hormonal evaluation revealed that 34.3% of bilateral adrenal lesions were functional. The primary etiologies of functional lesions were primary aldosteronism (16.6%, 129/777), and primary bilateral macronodular adrenocortical hyperplasia (PBMAH; 8.8%, 68/777). Patients with lymphoma and metastases were significantly older than those with benign nonfunctional lesions (60.4 ± 11.0 years vs. 54.5 ± 10.4 years and 57.9 ± 10.8 years vs. 54.5 ± 10.4 years, respectively; both P < 0.001). Lesions in patients with adrenal lymphoma, ACC, pheochromocytoma, metastases, congenital adrenal hyperplasia, tuberculosis, and Cushing's syndrome were significantly larger than benign nonfunctional lesions (all P < 0.001).

Conclusion: Benign adrenal lesions and metastases from the lungs are the most common causes of bilateral adrenal lesions. Primary aldosteronism and PBMAH are the most prevalent functional lesions. Moreover, patients with lymphoma or metastases are older and their masses are larger.

Keywords: Benign; Bilateral adrenal lesions; Cushing syndrome; Malignant; Pheochromocytoma; Primary aldosteronism.