Comparison of the formation of N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) from algae organic matter by chlor(am)ination and UV irradiation

Decai Liu; La Rao; Xiaoyang Shi; Jiayu Du; Chen Chen; Wenjie Sun; Ming-Lai Fu; Baoling Yuan

doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.156078

Comparison of the formation of N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) from algae organic matter by chlor(am)ination and UV irradiation

Sci Total Environ. 2022 Sep 10;838(Pt 2):156078. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.156078. Epub 2022 May 18.

Authors

Decai Liu¹, La Rao¹, Xiaoyang Shi¹, Jiayu Du¹, Chen Chen¹, Wenjie Sun², Ming-Lai Fu¹, Baoling Yuan³

Affiliations

¹ Xiamen Key Laboratory of Municipal and Industrial Solid Waste Utilization and Pollution Control, College of Civil Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, Fujian 361021, PR China.
² Department of Atmospheric and Hydrologic Science, St. Cloud State University, 720 4th Avenue South, St. Cloud, MN 56301, USA.
³ Xiamen Key Laboratory of Municipal and Industrial Solid Waste Utilization and Pollution Control, College of Civil Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, Fujian 361021, PR China; Key Laboratory of Songliao Aquatic Environment, Ministry of Education, Jilin Jianzhu University, Changchun 130118, PR China. Electronic address: blyuan@hqu.edu.cn.

PMID: 35597338
DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.156078

Abstract

Microcystis aeruginosa (M. aeruginosa, blue-green algae) blooms frequently in drinking water reservoirs and subsequently causes the formation of disinfection by-products (DBPs) after disinfection, which may pose a potential health risk. In this study, the formation of N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) was evaluated from algal organic matter (AOM) including extracellular organic matter (EOM) and intracellular organic matter (IOM) during the disinfection process of chlorination, chloramination, or ultraviolet (UV) irradiation. The effects of a variety of factors, including reaction times, disinfectant dosages and pH, on the NDMA formation by three different disinfection methods were investigated. Additionally, this study evaluated the nitrogen sources involved in NDMA formation during chloramination of EOM and IOM using ¹⁵N-labeled monochloramine. The results showed that the NDMA formation by three different disinfection methods were ranked in the order of chlorination > UV irradiation ≈ chloramination and the specific yield from EOM was greater than that from IOM regardless of disinfection method. The yields of NDMA firstly increased and then plateaued as time prolonged during the chlorination and chloramination of AOM. Similarly, the NDMA formation from EOM was firstly increased and then remained constant with the increase of the disinfectant dosage, while it was gradually increased for IOM. The solution pH highly influenced the NDMA formation during chlorination and chloramination, while exhibited a little impact under UV irradiation. Moreover, fluorescence excitation-emission (EEM) analysis confirmed that soluble microbial by-product-like (SMPs) in EOM and IOM were the major precursors in algal-derived organic matter that contributed to the NDMA formation. Chloramination of EOM and IOM using isotope ¹⁵N-labeled monochloramine indicated that the nitroso group of the formed NDMA originates mainly from EOM and IOM of algal cells.

Keywords: Chloramination; Chlorination; Extracellular organic matter; Intracellular organic matter; N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA); UV irradiation.

MeSH terms

Chloramines
Dimethylnitrosamine
Disinfectants* / analysis
Disinfection
Halogenation
Water Pollutants, Chemical* / analysis
Water Purification* / methods

Substances

Chloramines
Disinfectants
Water Pollutants, Chemical
Dimethylnitrosamine