1 Department of Anesthesiology (M.H., H.W.), Columbia University, New York, USA; Department of Epidemiology (M.H.), Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, USA.
2 Department of Anesthesiology (M.H., H.W.), Columbia University, New York, USA; Department of Critical Care Medicine (H.W.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine and Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine (H.W.), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
3 Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative & Pain Medicine (R.A.A.), Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA; Division of Primary Care and Population Health (R.A.A.), Department of Medicine, Palliative Care Section, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA. Electronic address: aslakson@stanford.edu.