Training Patterns and Mental Health of Bodybuilders and Fitness Athletes During the First Lockdown of the COVID-19 Pandemic-A Cross-Sectional Study

Samuel Iff; Stefan Fröhlich; Robin Halioua; Christian Imboden; Jörg Spörri; Johannes Scherr; Ingo Butzke; Erich Seifritz; Malte Christian Claussen

doi:10.3389/fspor.2022.867140

Training Patterns and Mental Health of Bodybuilders and Fitness Athletes During the First Lockdown of the COVID-19 Pandemic-A Cross-Sectional Study

Front Sports Act Living. 2022 May 3:4:867140. doi: 10.3389/fspor.2022.867140. eCollection 2022.

Authors

Samuel Iff¹, Stefan Fröhlich^{2

3}, Robin Halioua¹, Christian Imboden⁴, Jörg Spörri^{2

3}, Johannes Scherr^{2

3}, Ingo Butzke⁵, Erich Seifritz¹, Malte Christian Claussen^{1

4

6}

Affiliations

¹ Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Psychiatric University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland.
² University Center for Prevention and Sports Medicine, Department of Orthopaedics, Balgrist University Hospital, University of Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland.
³ Sports Medical Research Group, Department of Orthopaedics, Balgrist University Hospital, University of Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland.
⁴ Private Clinic Wyss AG, Münchenbuchsee, Switzerland.
⁵ Psychiatriezentrum Münsingen (PZM) Centre for Psychiatry Münsingen, Münsingen, Switzerland.
⁶ Adult Psychiatry, Psychiatric Services Grisons, Chur, Switzerland.

Abstract

Background: Government restrictions during the first COVID-19 lockdown, such as the closure of gyms and fitness centers, drastically limited the training opportunities of bodybuilders and fitness athletes (BoFA) who rely on indoor training facilities. This provided a unique situation to investigate the effect of training limitations on the training patterns, training adaptive strategies and mental health of BoFAs.

Objectives: The primary aim of this study was to investigate differences in the training patterns and the mental health of BoFA before and during the first COVID-19 lockdown. The secondary aim was to assess whether BoFA who exhibited features of muscle dysmorphia were affected differently from the group that did not.

Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted with 85 BoFAs by means of an online questionnaire asking about sports activity, intensity, subjective physical performance, and economic status, including primary or secondary occupations before (from memory) and during lockdown, current physical health problems and financial fears, symptoms of depression, sleep disorders, anxiety (trait and state), muscle dysmorphia, coping mechanisms and actions during the first lockdown in Switzerland.

Results: Training patterns and mental health of BoFA were influenced by the COVID-19 pandemic and first lockdown. During lockdown, the physical activity on the BoFA dropped significantly from 2.3 ± 0.8 h per day to 1.6 ± 0.9 h per day (p < 0.001), the subjective training intensity decreased significantly from 85.7 ± 13.2% to 58.3 ± 28.3% (p < 0.001) and the subjective performance declined significantly from 83.4 ± 14.3% to 58.2 ± 27.8% (p < 0.001) of maximal performance. In comparison to those without risk for body dysmorphia, participants at risk rated their maximal performance significantly lower and scored significantly higher for depression, sleep disorders and anxiety.

Conclusion: This study showed the significant changes on the training patterns of BoFA before and during the first COVID-19 lockdown and poor mental health scores of BoFA during the lockdown itself, with those at risk of muscle dysmorphia scoring statistically worse regarding mental health than those with no risk of muscle dysmorphia. To better understand the particularities of BoFA, further investigation is needed to understand their psychology and in particular the effect of training restrictions on it.

Keywords: COVID-19; SARS-CoV-2; bodybuilding; mental health; resistance training; sports psychiatry.