Introduction: Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a major public health concern in the U.S. Recommendations for patients admitted in the emergency department (ED) to receive head computed tomography (CT) scan are currently guided by various clinical decision rules.
Objective: To compare how a blood biomarker approach compares with clinical decision rules in terms of predicting a positive head CT in adult patients suspected of TBI.
Methods: We retrospectively identified patients transported to our emergency department and underwent a noncontrast head CT due to suspicion of TBI and who had blood samples available. Published thresholds for serum and plasma glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), ubiquitin carboxyl-terminal hydrolase-L1 (UCH-L1), and serum S100β were used to make CT recommendations. These blood biomarker-based recommendations were compared to those achieved under widely used clinical head CT decision rules (Canadian, New Orleans, NEXUS II, and ACEP Clinical Policy).
Results: Our study included 463 patients, of which 122 (26.3%) had one or more abnormalities presenting on head CT. Individual blood biomarkers achieved high negative predictive value (NPV) for abnormal head CT findings (88%-98%), although positive predictive value (PPV) was consistently low (25%-42%). A composite biomarker-based decision rule (GFAP+UCH-L1)'s NPV of 100% and PPV of 29% were comparable or better than those achieved under the clinical decision rules.
Conclusion: Blood biomarkers perform at least as well as clinical rules in terms of selecting TBI patients for head CT and may be easier to implement in the clinical setting. A prospective study is necessary to validate this approach.
Keywords: S100β; biomarkers; head computed tomography; plasma glial fibrillary acidic protein; traumatic brain injury; ubiquitin carboxyl-terminal hydrolase-L1.