Testing delay in an environment of low COVID-19 prevalence: A qualitative study of testing behaviour amongst symptomatic South Australians

Emma Tonkin; Heath Pillen; Samantha B Meyer; Paul R Ward; Clare Beard; Barbara Toson; John Coveney; Julie Henderson; Trevor Webb; Dean McCullum; Annabelle M Wilson

doi:10.1016/j.ssmqr.2022.100099

Testing delay in an environment of low COVID-19 prevalence: A qualitative study of testing behaviour amongst symptomatic South Australians

SSM Qual Res Health. 2022 Dec:2:100099. doi: 10.1016/j.ssmqr.2022.100099. Epub 2022 May 13.

Authors

Affiliations

¹ College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Bedford Park, South Australia, 5042, Australia.
² School of Public Health and Health Systems, University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave W, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada.
³ Research Centre for Public Health Policy, Torrens University, Adelaide, South Australia, 5000, Australia.
⁴ College of Nursing and Health Sciences, Flinders University, Bedford Park, South Australia, 5042, Australia.

Abstract

Introduction: South Australia has to date (October 2021) been highly successful in maintaining an aggressive suppression strategy for the management of the COVID-19 pandemic. However, continued success of this strategy is dependent on ongoing testing by people with symptoms of COVID-19 to identify, trace and quarantine emergent cases as soon as possible. This study sought to explore community members' decisions about having COVID-19 testing in an environment of low prevalence, specifically exploring their decision-making related to symptoms.

Materials and methods: This study drew on a qualitative case study design, involving five focus groups, conducted in May 2021, with 29 individuals who had experienced COVID-19-like symptoms since the commencement of testing in South Australia. Participants detailed their last COVID-19-like illness episode and described their decision-making regarding testing. Data collection methods and analysis were theoretically informed by the capability, opportunity, and motivation behaviour (COM-B) model.

Findings: Participants' belief that COVID-19 symptoms would be 'unusual', severe, and persistent caused them to either reject or delay testing. Participants generally employed 'watch and wait' and social distancing behaviour rather than timely presentation to testing. Concern about economic loss associated with isolating after testing, and the potential for illness transmission at testing centres further prevented testing for some participants.

Conclusions: In a low COVID-19 prevalence environment, individuals rely on pre-existing strategies for interpreting and managing personal illness (such as delaying help seeking if symptoms are mild), which generally conflict with public health management advice about COVID-19. In low prevalence environments therefore public health authorities must give the public a reason to test beyond considerations of personal risk, and clearly communicate the need for ongoing COVID-19 surveillance despite the low prevalence environment.

Keywords: COM-B, Capability; COVID-19; COVID-19, Coronavirus disease 2019; Opportunity, And motivation behaviour model; PCR, Polymerase chain reaction; Qualitative research; Risk perception; Symptom appraisal; Testing behavior.