Background: Current management of poorly draining complex effusions favours less invasive image-guided placement of smaller tubes and adjunctive intrapleural fibrinolysis therapy (IPFT). In MIST-2 trial, intrapleural 10 mg alteplase (t-PA) with 5 mg of pulmozyme (DNase) twice daily for 72 h were used. We aimed to assess the effectiveness and safety of a modified regimen 16 mg t-PA with 5 mg of DNase administered over 24 h in the management of complex pleural infection.
Methods: This was a single centre, prospective study involving patients with poorly drained pleural infection. Primary outcome was the change of pleural opacity on chest radiograph at day 7 compared to baseline. Secondary outcomes include volume of fluid drained, inflammatory markers improvement, surgical referral, length of hospitalisation, and adverse events.
Results: Thirty patients were recruited. Majority, 27 (90%) patients were successfully treated. Improvement of pleural opacity on chest radiograph was observed from 36.9% [Interquartile range (IQR 21.8-54.9%)] to 18.1% (IQR 8.8-32.7%) of hemithorax (P < 0.05). T-PA/DNase increased fluid drainage from median of 45 mls (IQR 0-100) 24 h prior to intrapleural treatment to 1442 mls (IQR 905-2360) after 72 h; (P < 0.05) and reduction of C-reactive protein (P < 0.05). Pain requiring escalation of analgesia affected 20% patients and 9.9% experienced major adverse events. None required surgical intervention.
Conclusion: This study suggests that a modified regimen 16 mg t-PA with 5 mg DNase can be safe and effective for patients with poorly drained complex pleural infection. Trial registration The study was registered retrospectively on 07/06/2021 with ClinicalTrials number NCT04915586 ( https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04915586 ).
Keywords: Alteplase; DNase; Empyema; Intrapleural fibrinolysis; Pleural infection.
© 2022. The Author(s).