High charging overpotential (low energy efficiency) is one of the most important challenges preventing the use of current nonaqueous Li-O2 batteries. This study demonstrates direct in situ-incorporation of metal oxides on carbon during synthesis and the associated application to nonaqueous Li-O2 battery catalysts. The partially oxidized Mn3O4 (Mn3O4/Mn5O8)-incorporating carbon cathode shows an average overpotential reduction of ∼8% charge/discharge during 40 cycles in a rechargeable nonaqueous Li-O2 cell. Here, we suggested the possibility that only a small amount of the oxide species (<5%) could show catalytic effects during charge in a rechargeable Li-O2 cell.
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