Genitourinary cancers comprise of a heterogenous group of cancers of which renal cell carcinoma, urothelial bladder carcinoma, and prostate adenocarcinoma are the most commonly encountered subtypes. A lot of research is ongoing using various strategies for exploration of novel biomarkers for genitourinary cancers. These biomarkers would not reduce the need for invasive diagnostic techniques but also could be used for early and accurate diagnosis to improve the clinical management required for the disease. Moreover, selecting the appropriate treatment regimen for the responsive patients based on these biomarkers would reduce the treatment toxicity as well as cost. Biomarkers identified using various advanced techniques like next generation sequencing and proteomics, which have been classified as immunological biomarkers, tissue-specific biomarkers and liquid biomarkers. Immunological biomarkers include markers of immunological pathways such as CTLA4, PD-1/PDl-1, tissue biomarkers include tissue specific molecules such as PSA antigen and liquid biomarkers include biomarkers detectable in urine, circulating cells etc. The purpose of this review is to provide a brief introduction to the most prevalent genitourinary malignancies, including bladder, kidney, and prostate cancers along with a major focus on the novel diagnostic biomarkers and the importance of targeting them prior to genitourinary cancers treatment. Understanding these biomarkers and their potential in diagnosis of genitourinary cancer would not help in early and accurate diagnosis as mentioned above but may also lead towards a personalized approach for better diagnosis, prognosis and specified treatment approach for an individual.
Keywords: APC, Antigen-presenting cells; CAIX, Carbonic anhydrase IX; CRP, C-reactive protein; CRPC, Castrate-resistant prostate cancer; CTCs, Circulating tumor cells; CTLA4, Cytotoxic T-Lymphocyte Antigen 4; FR, Folate receptor; Genitourinary cancers; IL-2, Interleukin-2; Immunological biomarkers; Less cost; Liquid molecular biomarkers; MHC, Major histocompatibility complex; MRI, Magnetic resonance imaging; PCFT, Proton-coupled folate transporter; PET, Positron emission tomographic; PI3K, Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase; PSA, Prostate-specific antigen; PSMA, Prostate-specific Membrane Antigen; RFC, Reduced folate carrier; SNPs, Single nucleotide polymorphisms; Sensitive; Specific; TCR, T- cell receptor; Tissue molecular biomarkers; VEGF, Vascular endothelial growth factor; VHL, Von Hippel-Lindau; mCRPC, Metastatic Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer; sncRNAs, Small non-coding RNAs.
© 2022 The Author(s).