Objective: To summarize the clinicopathological factors related to perinatal fetal death and to evaluate importance of fetal autopsy and placental pathology. Methods: The clinicopathological data of 105 perinatal fetal deaths in Beijing Haidian Maternal and Child Health Hospital from November 2012 to December 2020 were retrospectively analyzed. Relevant literature was also reviewed. Results: The maternal age of the deceased fetuses ranged from 22 to 43 years with the average (31.35±4.04 years), and the gestational weeks were 28-40+6 weeks. Among them, 101 were singleton cases and 4 twin cases. 103 fetuses died in uterus and 2 died during delivery. Relevant factors analysis of the 105 perinatal fetal deaths showed that 86 cases (81.9%, 86/105) were related to umbilical cord/placental abnormality, 10 cases (9.5%, 10/105) uterine infection, 6 cases (5.7%, 6/105) fetal factors, 1 case was fetal maternal blood transfusion syndrome, 1 case twin blood transfusion syndrome, and 1 case died of complete uterine rupture. Among the 86 cases related to umbilical cord/placental abnormality, the diagnosis was most often based on the gross examination of placenta. The most common cause of death was umbilical cord torsion with thin root, followed by placental abruption, tight umbilical cord winding, vascular rupture and umbilical cord true knot. The morphology of placenta revealed mainly functional changes. Among the 10 cases related to intrauterine infections, the placenta generally showed lobular placental edema. The morphological characteristics of ascending infection were mainly acute chorioamnionitis, and the morphological characteristics of blood-borne infection were mainly acute or chronic villitis, as well as villous interstitial inflammation. Identification of viral inclusions suggested viral etiology, while the final diagnosis was relied on laboratory testing. Among the 6 cases related to fetal abnormality, the diagnostic value of placenta was limited and the diagnosis could be made with fetal autopsy. Conclusion: The causes of perinatal fetal death are complex, diverse, and often the synergistic result of multiple factors. Fetal autopsy and placental pathology are the key technical means to identify the cause of death and deserve more attention and utilization.
目的： 总结与围产期胎儿死亡相关的临床病理因素，加深对胎儿尸体解剖及胎盘病理学检查重要性的认识。 方法： 回顾性分析北京市海淀区妇幼保健院2012年11月至2020年12月105例围产期死亡胎儿的临床病理资料，重点分析胎儿尸体解剖及胎盘病理学检查资料，并结合相关文献进行复习。 结果： （1）产妇年龄22~43岁，平均年龄31.35±4.04岁，孕周28~40+6周。（2）单胎死亡101例，双胎之一死亡4例。在宫内死亡103例，分娩过程中死亡2例。（3）105例围产期胎儿死亡相关因素分析中，86例（81.9%，86/105）与脐带/胎盘病理因素相关，10例（9.5%，10/105）与宫腔感染相关，6例与胎儿自身因素相关（5.7%，6/105），1例与胎母输血综合征有关，1例与双胎输血综合征有关，1例因完全性子宫破裂死亡。（4）86例与脐带/胎盘病理因素相关病例中，绝大部分病例可以通过胎盘大体检查诊断，最常见的为脐带扭转伴根部扭细，其他依次为胎盘早剥、脐带缠绕过紧、血管破裂及脐带真结。镜下形态学以功能性改变为主。（5）10例与宫腔感染因素相关的病例中，胎盘大体检查共同特点为胎盘小叶水肿，上行性感染形态学特点以急性绒毛膜羊膜炎为主，血源性感染形态学特点以急性或慢性绒毛炎及绒毛间隙炎为主，发现病毒包涵体有提示作用，但确诊需要实验室检查。（6）6例与胎儿自身因素相关的病例中，胎盘诊断价值有限，必须和胎儿尸体解剖相结合才能诊断。 结论： 围产期胎儿死亡原因复杂多样，往往是多种因素协同作用的结果，脐带/胎盘病理因素最多见，胎儿尸体解剖及胎盘病理学检查是查找死亡原因的关键技术手段，要加强重视。.