Measurements of Atmospheric Methane Emissions from Stray Gas Migration: A Case Study from the Marcellus Shale

Lauren E Dennis; Scott J Richardson; Natasha Miles; Josh Woda; Susan L Brantley; Kenneth J Davis

doi:10.1021/acsearthspacechem.1c00312

Measurements of Atmospheric Methane Emissions from Stray Gas Migration: A Case Study from the Marcellus Shale

ACS Earth Space Chem. 2022 Apr 21;6(4):909-919. doi: 10.1021/acsearthspacechem.1c00312. Epub 2022 Apr 5.

Authors

Lauren E Dennis¹, Scott J Richardson¹, Natasha Miles¹, Josh Woda², Susan L Brantley^{2

3}, Kenneth J Davis^{1

3}

Affiliations

¹ Department of Meteorology and Atmospheric Science, The Pennsylvania State University, 503 Walker Building, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States.
² Department of Geosciences, The Pennsylvania State University, 503 Deike Building, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States.
³ Earth and Environmental Systems Institute, The Pennsylvania State University, 2217 Earth-Engineering Sciences Building, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States.

Abstract

Understanding emissions of methane from legacy and ongoing shale gas development requires both regional studies that assess the frequency of emissions and case studies that assess causation. We present the first direct measurements of emissions in a case study of a putatively leaking gas well in the largest shale gas play in the United States. We quantify atmospheric methane emissions in farmland >2 km from the nearest shale gas well cited for casing and cementing issues. We find that emissions are highly heterogeneous as they travel long distances in the subsurface. Emissions were measured near observed patches of dead vegetation and methane bubbling from a stream. An eddy covariance flux tower, chamber flux measurements, and a survey of enhancements of the near-surface methane mole fraction were used to quantify emissions and evaluate the spatial and temporal variability. We combined eddy covariance measurements with the survey of the methane mole fraction to estimate total emissions over the study area (2,800 m²). Estimated at ∼6 kg CH₄ day^-1, emissions were spatially heterogeneous but showed no temporal trends over 6 months. The isotopic signature of the atmospheric CH₄ source (δ¹³CH₄) was equal to -29‰, consistent with methane of thermogenic origin and similar to the isotopic signature of the gas reported from the nearest shale gas well. While the magnitude of emissions from the potential leak is modest compared to large emitters identified among shale gas production sites, it is large compared to estimates of emissions from single abandoned wells. Since other areas of emissions have been identified close to this putatively leaking well, our estimate of emissions likely represents only a portion of total emissions from this event. More comprehensive quantification will require more extensive spatial and temporal sampling of the locations of gas migration to the surface as well as an investigation into the mechanisms of subsurface gas migration. This work highlights an example of atmospheric methane emissions from potential stray gas migration at a location far from a well pad, and further research should explore the frequency and mechanisms behind these types of events to inform careful and strategic natural gas development.