Longitudinal PTSD symptom trajectories: Relative contributions of state anxiety, depression, and emotion dysregulation

Abstract

Background: Prospective research on the development and trajectory of PTSD symptoms after a traumatic event is crucial for assessment and early intervention. Further, examining predictors of PTSD pathology provides a better conceptualization of the temporal course of PTSD in trauma victims.

Methods: The present study examined PTSD symptom severity in individuals presenting to the emergency department (ED) following a traumatic event. Participants (N = 147) were assessed at four timepoints: 2-weeks, 3-months, between 6 and 9 months, and 12-months after ED admission. Growth curve modeling was conducted to examine changes in PTSD symptom severity over time. Age, sex, state anxiety, trait anxiety, emotion dysregulation, depression, and trauma type (motor vehicle accident [MVA] and assault), and PTSD diagnosis were included as covariates in the model.

Results: Results demonstrated that baseline PTSD symptom severity was positively associated with severity of depression and state (but not trait) anxiety, emotion dysregulation, and PTSD diagnosis. Results also revealed significant associations with PTSD symptom changes over time; greater state anxiety and depression symptoms at baseline were associated with steeper declines in PTSD symptoms over time.

Limitations: Data were collected at only four timepoints over the course of 12-months. Results may be different with more measurement points over longer periods and inclusion of pre-, peri- and post-trauma risk factors.

Conclusions: Results illustrate the relevance of assessing state anxiety, depression, and emotion dysregulation in following trauma victims for trauma-related psychopathology over the course of time to alleviate the negative impact of the same.

Keywords: Depression; Emotion dysregulation; Growth modeling; Longitudinal study; PTSD; State anxiety.