The Effect of Rifle Carriage on the Physiological and Accelerometer Responses During Biathlon Skiing

Craig A Staunton; Luciën Sloof; Maxime Brandts; Malin Jonsson Kårström; Marko S Laaksonen; Glenn Björklund

doi:10.3389/fspor.2022.813784

The Effect of Rifle Carriage on the Physiological and Accelerometer Responses During Biathlon Skiing

Front Sports Act Living. 2022 Mar 25:4:813784. doi: 10.3389/fspor.2022.813784. eCollection 2022.

Authors

Craig A Staunton¹, Luciën Sloof¹, Maxime Brandts^{1

2}, Malin Jonsson Kårström¹, Marko S Laaksonen¹, Glenn Björklund¹

Affiliations

¹ Swedish Winter Sports Research Centre, Faculty of Human Sciences, Mid Sweden University, Östersund, Sweden.
² Institute of Sports Science, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany.

Abstract

Purpose: Investigate the effect of biathlon rifle carriage on physiological and accelerometer-derived responses during biathlon skiing.

Methods: Twenty-eight biathletes (11F, 17M) completed two XC skiing time-trials (~2,300 m), once with and once without the biathlon rifle, with concurrent measurements of HR, skiing speed and accelerations recorded from three triaxial accelerometers attached at the Upper-spine, Lower-spine and Pelvis. Exercise intensity was quantified from HR, skiing speed as well from accelerometry-derived PlayerLoad™ per minute (PL·min^-1) and average net force (AvF_Net). All metrics were analyzed during Uphill, Flat and Downhill sections of the course. Relationships between accelerometry-derived metrics and skiing speed were examined.

Results: Time-trials were faster for males compared with females (mean difference: 97 ± 73 s) and No-Rifle compared to With-Rifle (mean difference: 16 ± 9 s). HR was greatest during Downhill (183 ± 5 bpm), followed by Uphill (181 ± 5 bpm) and was lowest in the Flat sections (177 ± 6 bpm, p <0.05). For PL·min^-1 and AvF_Net there were 3-way Rifle x Gradient x Sensor-Position interactions. Typically, these metrics were greatest during Uphill and Flat sections and were lowest during Downhill sections. Rifle carriage had no impact on the AvF_Net at the Lower-Spine or Pelvis. Significant positive linear relationships were identified between skiing speed and accelerometer-derived metrics during Uphill, Flat and Downhill skiing (r = 0.12-0.61, p < 0.05).

Conclusions: The accelerometry-derived approach used in this study provides the potential of a novel method of monitoring the external demands during skiing. In particular, AvF_Net with sensors located close to the center of mass displayed greatest utility because it followed the expected response of external intensity where responses were greatest during uphill sections, followed by flats and lowest during downhills. In addition, there were significant positive relationships between AvF_Net and skiing speed ranging from small to large. Accelerometry-derived measures could provide useful estimates of the external demands in XC skiing and biathlon.

Keywords: IMU; PlayerLoad™; athlete; physiology; undulating terrain.