1 Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Milan, Italy; Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.
2 Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Milan, Italy; Gastroenterology and Endoscopy, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele and Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy.
3 Center for Crohn's and Colitis, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA.
4 University of Chicago Medicine Inflammatory Bowel Disease Center, Chicago, IL, USA.
5 Department of Medicine I, Agaplesion Markus Hospital, Goethe-University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
6 Division of Gastroenterology, Rabin Medical Center, Petah Tikva, Israel; Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.
7 Department of Medicine, Western University, London, ON, Canada; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Western University, London, ON, Canada.
8 Unit of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Department of Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; Department of Gastroenterology, São João University Hospital Center, Porto, Portugal.
9 Department of Gastroenterology, University of Lorraine, CHRU-Nancy, Nancy, France; University of Lorraine, Inserm, NGERE, Nancy, France.
10 APC Microbiome Ireland, College of Medicine and Health, University College Cork, National University Ireland, Cork, Ireland.
11 Gastroenterology and Endoscopy, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele and Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy. Electronic address: danese.silvio@hsr.it.