Evaluation of the Predictive Value of Urine Leukocyte Esterase Test in Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae Infection Among Males Attending HIV/STI Clinics in Guangdong Province, China

Xueying Yu; Peizhen Zhao; Zhida Mai; Qingqing Xu; Wentao Chen; Zhiqiao Wu; Xiaojuan Luo; Zhizhou Wu; Xiaofeng Liu; Qian Wu; Heping Zheng; Yaohua Xue

doi:10.3389/fmed.2022.858165

Evaluation of the Predictive Value of Urine Leukocyte Esterase Test in Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae Infection Among Males Attending HIV/STI Clinics in Guangdong Province, China

Front Med (Lausanne). 2022 Mar 21:9:858165. doi: 10.3389/fmed.2022.858165. eCollection 2022.

Authors

Xueying Yu^{1

2}, Peizhen Zhao¹, Zhida Mai¹, Qingqing Xu¹, Wentao Chen¹, Zhiqiao Wu³, Xiaojuan Luo⁴, Zhizhou Wu⁵, Xiaofeng Liu⁶, Qian Wu¹, Heping Zheng¹, Yaohua Xue¹

Affiliations

¹ Department of Clinical Laboratory, Dermatology Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
² Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shanghai Fourth People's Hospital Affiliated to Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
³ Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Sixth People's Hospital of Dongguan, Dongguan, China.
⁴ Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First People's Hospital of Foshan, Foshan, China.
⁵ Department of Clinical Laboratory, Dermatology Hospital of Jiangmen, Jiangmen, China.
⁶ Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Third People's Hospital of Zhuhai, Zhuhai, China.

Abstract

Leukocyte esterase test (LET) detection is a simple and inexpensive test performed by urinalysis. This study investigated the predictive value of LET for Chlamydia trachomatis (CT) and Neisseria gonorrhoeae (NG) infection among men attending HIV and sexually transmitted infection (HIV/STI) clinics in Guangdong Province, China. A total of 5,509 urine samples were collected from HIV and sexually transmitted infection clinics in Guangdong Province between 2017 and 2019. Specimens from 5,464 males were tested by both LET and nucleic acid amplification test (NAAT). Of 5,464 males, 497 (9.1%) tested positive for CT or NG by NAAT, with respective prevalence rates of 6.4% (95% confidence interval [95% CI]: 5.8-7.1%) and 3.8% (95% CI: 3.3-4.3%), including 1.2% (95% CI: 0.9-1.4%) co-infected. Compared to the HIV-negative individuals, individuals living with HIV tend to have a higher prevalence of CT, NG and co-infection with CT and NG. The LET sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), and negative predictive value (NPV) for CT were 46.4% (95% CI: 41.2-51.7%), 92.0% (95% CI: 91.2-92.7%), 28.4% (95% CI: 24.8-32.1%), and 96.1% (95% CI: 95.6-96.7%), respectively. The LET sensitivity, specificity, PPV, and NPV for NG were 68.4% (95% CI: 62.1-74.7%), 91.8% (95% CI: 91.1-92.6%), 25.0% (95% CI: 21.4-28.5%), and 98.7% (95% CI: 98.3-99%), respectively. Compared to the HIV-negative individuals, higher sensitivity and specificity were observed for HIV-positive individuals, but there was no statistical difference. The incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) using economic costs per additional person CT positive and NG positive was -$238.74 and -$145.60 compared with LET positive, respectively. LET is a cost-effective test and will be valuable for predicting CT and NG infection, which is highly prevalent in low- and middle-income countries.

Keywords: Chlamydia trachomatis; Neisseria gonorrhoeae; cost-effective; leukocyte esterase test; nucleic acid amplification test; prevalence.