Vitamin D Trajectories and Cardiometabolic Risk Factors During Childhood: A Large Population-Based Prospective Cohort Study

Pei Xiao; Hong Cheng; Haibo Li; Xiaoyuan Zhao; Dongqing Hou; Xianghui Xie; Jie Mi

doi:10.3389/fcvm.2022.836376

Vitamin D Trajectories and Cardiometabolic Risk Factors During Childhood: A Large Population-Based Prospective Cohort Study

Front Cardiovasc Med. 2022 Mar 16:9:836376. doi: 10.3389/fcvm.2022.836376. eCollection 2022.

Authors

Pei Xiao¹, Hong Cheng², Haibo Li³, Xiaoyuan Zhao², Dongqing Hou², Xianghui Xie², Jie Mi¹

Affiliations

¹ Center for Non-communicable Disease Management, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
² Department of Epidemiology, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, China.
³ Division of Birth Cohort Study, Fujian Maternity and Child Health Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China.

Abstract

Background and objectives: Vitamin D has been indicated to play an important role in the optimal function of the cardiovascular system. However, with limited evidence, it remains unclear whether vitamin D status transition during childhood would affect cardiometabolic risk factors. Thus, we aimed to identify the associations of the longitudinal trajectory of vitamin D status with cardiometabolic risk factors in children.

Methods: A total of 10,482 participants with complete follow-up records from a large population-based prospective cohort study were included in this analysis. The 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] concentrations, blood pressure, blood lipids, and fasting blood glucose were determined. Vitamin D deficiency was defined as serum 25(OH)D concentrations below 30 nmol/L according to the Institute of Medicine recommendations. Based on the vitamin D status at baseline and follow-up, we identified four possible trajectories: (1) persistent non-deficiency (reference); (2) baseline non-deficiency to follow-up deficiency; (3) baseline deficiency to follow-up non-deficiency; (4) persistent deficiency. The relationships between cardiometabolic risk factors and vitamin D trajectories were evaluated using adjusted risk ratios (RRs).

Results: Overall, 35.1 and 24.2% of participants had vitamin D deficiency at the baseline and follow-up, respectively, and 15.1% were under the condition of persistent vitamin D deficiency. Compared to children with persistent non-deficiency, those who shifted from non-deficiency at baseline to deficiency at follow-up had a 2.09-fold (95% CI: 1.36, 3.23) increased risk of high triglyceride (TG). Besides, children with altered vitamin D status from deficiency to non-deficiency during follow-up were still at a significantly higher risk of high total cholesterol (TC) than the reference group [RR (95% CI): 1.39 (1.04, 1.86)]. Finally, children with persistent vitamin D deficiency were at the highest risks of high TC [RR (95% CI): 1.61 (1.18, 2.19), P _trend < 0.001], high low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) [RR (95% CI): 1.53 (1.04, 2.27), P _trend = 0.046], and high TG [RR (95% CI): 1.96 (1.34, 2.87), P _trend = 0.003].

Conclusion: Our results suggest that persistent vitamin D deficiency might increase the risk of dyslipidemia in children, and vitamin D deficiency could have has short- and long-term effects on TG and TC, respectively.

Keywords: cardiometabolic risk factors; childhood; cohort study; dyslipidemia; vitamin D.