Molecular Characterization of Primary and Metastatic Colon Cancer Cells to Identify Therapeutic Targets with Natural Compounds

Abstract

Background: Metastasis is the world's leading cause of colon cancer morbidity. Due to its heterogeneity, it has been challenging to understand primary to metastatic colon cancer progression and find a molecular target for colon cancer treatment.

Objectives: The current investigation aimed to characterize the immune and genotypic profiles of primary and metastatic colon cancer cell lines and identify a molecular target for colon cancer treatment.

Methods: Colony-forming potential, migration and invasion potential, cytokine profiling, miRNA, and mRNA expression were examined. Molecular docking for the Wnt signaling proteins with various plant compounds was performed.

Results: Colony formation, migration, and invasion potential were significantly higher in metastatic cells. The primary and metastatic cells' local immune and genetic status revealed TGF β-1, IL-8, MIP-1b, I-TAC, GM-CSF, and MCP-1 were highly expressed in all cancer cells. RANTES, IL-4, IL- 6, IFNγ, and G-CSF were less expressed in cancer cell lines. mRNA expression analysis displayed significant overexpression of proliferation, cell cycle, and oncogenes, whereas apoptosis cascade and tumor suppressor genes were significantly down-regulated in metastatic cells more evidently. Most importantly, the results of molecular docking with dysregulated Wnt signaling proteins shows that peptide AGAP and coronaridine had maximum hydrogen bonds to β-catenin and GSK3β with a better binding affinity.

Conclusion: This study emphasized genotypic differences between the primary and metastatic colon cancer cells, delineating the intricate mechanisms to understand the primary to metastatic advancement. The molecular docking aided in understanding the future molecular targets for bioactive- based colon cancer therapeutic interventions.

Keywords: Colon cancer; Cytokine; Invasion; Metastasis; Natural compounds.; Oncogene; miRNA.