Delayed Cutaneous Microvascular Responses With Non-consecutive 3 Days of Remote Ischemic Preconditioning

Jahyun Kim; Warren D Franke; James A Lang

doi:10.3389/fphys.2022.852966

Delayed Cutaneous Microvascular Responses With Non-consecutive 3 Days of Remote Ischemic Preconditioning

Front Physiol. 2022 Mar 14:13:852966. doi: 10.3389/fphys.2022.852966. eCollection 2022.

Authors

Jahyun Kim¹, Warren D Franke², James A Lang²

Affiliations

¹ Department of Kinesiology, California State University, Bakersfield, Bakersfield, CA, United States.
² Department of Kinesiology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States.

Abstract

The optimal frequency and duration of remote ischemic preconditioning (RIPC) that augments microvascular function is unknown. A single bout of RIPC increases cutaneous endothelial function for ∼48 h, whereas 1 week of daily RIPC bouts improves more sustained endothelium-independent function. We hypothesized that 3 days of RIPC separated by rest days (3QOD RIPC) would result in sustained increases in both endothelium-dependent and endothelium-independent functions. Cutaneous microvascular function was assessed in 13 healthy young participants (aged 20.5 ± 3.9 years; 5 males, 8 females) before 3QOD and then 24, 48, and 72 h and a week after 3QOD. RIPC consisted of four repetitions of 5 min of blood flow occlusion separated by 5 min of reperfusion. Skin blood flow responses to local heating (T _loc = 42°C), acetylcholine (Ach), and sodium nitroprusside (SNP) were measured using laser speckle contrast imaging and expressed as cutaneous vascular conductance (CVC = PU⋅mmHg^-1). Local heating-mediated vasodilation was increased 72 h after 3QOD and the increased responsivity persisted a week later (1.08 ± 0.24 vs. 1.34 ± 0.46, 1.21 ± 0.36 PU⋅mmHg^-1; ΔCVC, pre-RIPC vs. 72 h, a week after 3QOD; P = 0.054). Ach-induced cutaneous vasodilation increased a week after 3QOD (0.73 ± 0.41 vs. 0.95 ± 0.49 PU⋅mmHg^-1; ΔCVC, pre-RIPC vs. a week after 3QOD; P < 0.05). SNP-induced cutaneous vasodilation increased 24 h after 3QOD (0.47 ± 0.28 vs. 0.63 ± 0.35 PU⋅mmHg^-1; ΔCVC, pre-RIPC vs. 24 h; P < 0.05), but this change did not persist thereafter. Thus, 3QOD induced sustained improvement in endothelium-dependent vasodilation but was not sufficient to sustain increases in endothelium-independent vasodilation.

Keywords: endothelial dependent cutaneous vasodilation; endothelial independent cutaneous vasodilation; iontophoresis; laser speckle contrast imaging; local heating; non-consecutive repeated remote ischemic preconditioning; skin blood flow; vascular adaptation.