Objectives: (1) Summarise and evaluate the current evidence of tuberculosis (TB)-associated pregnancy outcomes, (2) evaluate the state of the science of family planning during TB treatment and (3) provide recommendations to move forward to improve care and outcomes during TB disease.
Design: Systematic review using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) guidelines.
Data sources: PubMed, Embase, CINAHL, Cochrane, Web of Science and Scopus were searched from September 2009 to November 2021.
Eligibility criteria: Studies were included if they assessed pregnant women with active TB, drug-resistant TB (DR-TB) or TB/HIV coinfection and examined pregnancy, maternal, fetal/birth and TB or TB/HIV coinfection outcomes. Studies were also included if they examined family planning services among women initiating TB treatment.
Data extraction and synthesis: Two independent reviewers extracted data using PRISMA guidelines and conducted quality assessment using the Joanna-Briggs Institute Critical Appraisal Tools. The level of evidence was reported using the Johns Hopkins Evidence-Based Practice guidelines.
Results: 69 studies were included in this review. Case reports, case series, case controls, cohort studies, secondary data analyses and a service delivery improvement project conducted in 26 countries made up the totality of the evidence. Most studies reported pregnancy complications for mothers (anaemia, postpartum haemorrhage, deaths) and fetuses or newborns (low birth weight, premature birth, and spontaneous or induced abortions). Few studies discussed the value of offering family planning to prevent adverse pregnancy outcomes. One study examined the effect of a provider training on contraceptive use with reported increased contraceptive use.
Conclusions: Integrating family planning services within a TB treatment programme is essential to reduce adverse TB-associated maternal-child outcomes. Despite well-established adverse pregnancy outcomes, little attention has been paid to family planning to prevent poor pregnancy outcomes for women with TB/DR-TB. Recommendations for clinicians, TB programmes and researchers are provided and reflect evidence presented in this review.
Keywords: HIV & AIDS; PUBLIC HEALTH; Public health; REPRODUCTIVE MEDICINE; Tuberculosis.
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