Willingness to Receive COVID-19 Booster Vaccine: Associations between Green-Pass, Social Media Information, Anti-Vax Beliefs, and Emotional Balance

Andrea De Giorgio; Goran Kuvačić; Dražen Maleš; Ignazio Vecchio; Cristina Tornali; Wadih Ishac; Tiziana Ramaci; Massimiliano Barattucci; Boris Milavić

doi:10.3390/vaccines10030481

Willingness to Receive COVID-19 Booster Vaccine: Associations between Green-Pass, Social Media Information, Anti-Vax Beliefs, and Emotional Balance

Vaccines (Basel). 2022 Mar 21;10(3):481. doi: 10.3390/vaccines10030481.

Authors

Andrea De Giorgio¹, Goran Kuvačić², Dražen Maleš³, Ignazio Vecchio⁴, Cristina Tornali⁵, Wadih Ishac⁶, Tiziana Ramaci⁷, Massimiliano Barattucci⁸, Boris Milavić²

Affiliations

¹ Faculty of Psychology, eCampus University, 22060 Novedrate, Italy.
² Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Split, 21000 Split, Croatia.
³ Faculty of Croatian Studies, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia.
⁴ Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, 95124 Catania, Italy.
⁵ Society of the History of Medicine, 95124 Catania, Italy.
⁶ Physical Education Department (PE), College of Education, Qatar University, Doha 2713, Qatar.
⁷ Faculty of Human and Social Sciences, University of Enna "Kore", 94100 Enna, Italy.
⁸ Department of Human and Social Sciences, University of Bergamo, 24129 Bergamo, Italy.

Abstract

The aims of the present investigation were (i) to determine psychological relapses of COVID-19 booster vaccine; (ii) to identify the determining factors affecting willingness to receive COVID-19 vaccine; and (iii) to study the relationship among emotional characteristics (anxiety, stress, depression, optimism), social media information, and the mandatory political choices (i.e., green-pass) in Croatian people. A cross-sectional online survey was conducted for 1003 participants (median age: 40 years) from Croatia during December 2021. Results showed a significant association between vaccinated and unvaccinated participants in all sociodemographic variables, except for gender (p = 0.905). For psychological variables, significant differences were found only for levels of optimism (p < 0.001). People with a postgraduate degree (OR: 2.25, [1.14−4.46], p = 0.020) and PhD (OR: 1.97, [95% CI: 1.01−3.52], p = 0.021) had higher odds of being vaccinated than participants with high school diplomas. Additionally, participants seeking information on TV and radio (OR: 2.35, [1.71−3.23], p < 0.001) or from general practitioner (OR: 2.53, [1.78−3.61], p < 0.001) had higher odds of being vaccinated. Conversely, participants seeking information on social networks (OR: 0.36, [0.27−0.49], p < 0.001), general internet/blogs forums (OR: 0.34, [0.22−0.52], p < 0.001), and from friends or acquaintances (OR: 0.66, [0.48−0.91], p = 0.011) had lower odds of being vaccinated. Additionally, results showed that information policies have failed to fully convince the population to vaccinate and that depression (p = 0.491), anxiety (p = 0.220), and stress (p = 0.521) were not determining factors leading to the decision to receive COVID-19 vaccine. Most of the vaccinated participants perceived the green-pass as potentially useful. In contrast, most unvaccinated participants believed that the green-pass is a form of discrimination and not useful (88%). Further and broader research into possible reasons for continuing or undertaking vaccination is needed. It is recommended to introduce a measure of conformism that represents a change of attitude, belief, or behavior in a narrower sense.

Keywords: COVID-19 disease; anti-vax beliefs; booster; vaccine hesitancy; willingness.