Acute Exacerbation of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease is a form of severe Acute Respiratory Failure (ARF) requiring Conventional Oxygen Therapy (COT) in the case of absence of acidosis or the application of Non-Invasive Ventilation (NIV) in case of respiratory acidosis. In the last decade, High Flow through Nasal Cannula (HFNC) has been increasingly used, mainly in patients with hypoxemic ARF. However, some studies were also published in AECOPD patients, and some evidence emerged. In this review, after describing the mechanism underlying potential clinical benefits, we analyzed the possible clinical application of HFNC to AECOPD patients. In the case of respiratory acidosis, the gold-standard treatment remains NIV, supported by strong evidence in favor. However, HFNC may be considered as an alternative to NIV if the latter fails for intolerance. HFNC should also be considered and preferred to COT at NIV breaks and weaning. Finally, HFNC should also be preferred to COT as first-line oxygen treatment in AECOPD patients without respiratory acidosis.
Keywords: Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease; high flow nasal cannula; hypercapnia; non-invasive ventilation; oxygen; positive-pressure respiration; respiratory insufficiency; respiratory therapy.