Carotenoids, tocopherols and phylloquinone content of 26 green leafy vegetables commonly consumed in Southeast Asia

Abstract

Carotenoids, tocopherols and phylloquinone are highly valued in vegetables due to their potential health benefits. The profile of eight carotenoids, four tocopherols, and phylloquinone in 26 green leafy vegetables (GLV) commonly consumed in Southeast Asia were analysed by high-performance liquid chromatography with atmospheric pressure chemical ionisation and tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-APCI-MS/MS). Lutein, β-carotene and α-tocopherol were the predominant carotenoids and tocopherol in the GLV. Among 26 GLV, sweet leaf bush contained the highest amount of total carotenoids (494 ± 22 µg/g fresh weight (FW)), tocopherols (214 ± 60 µg/g FW) and phylloquinone (18 ± 2 µg/g FW). Other underutilised GLV, including wolfberry leaves, cassava leaves and moringa leaves, are also a rich source of fat-soluble micronutrients. Overall, this study enhanced the understanding of micronutrient composition in underutilised GLV in Southeast Asia. Data will be important for diet recommendations to promote the nutritional status of the population in the region.

Keywords: Carotenoids; Lipophilic vitamins; Phylloquinone (vitamin K(1)); Tocopherols; Ulams; Underutilised vegetables.