High-Flow Nasal Cannula Reduces Effort of Breathing But Not Consistently via Positive End-Expiratory Pressure

Robert D Guglielmo; Justin C Hotz; Patrick A Ross; Timothy W Deakers; Jennifer E L Diep; Christopher J L Newth; Robinder G Khemani

doi:10.1016/j.chest.2022.03.008

High-Flow Nasal Cannula Reduces Effort of Breathing But Not Consistently via Positive End-Expiratory Pressure

Chest. 2022 Oct;162(4):861-871. doi: 10.1016/j.chest.2022.03.008. Epub 2022 Mar 16.

Authors

Robert D Guglielmo¹, Justin C Hotz², Patrick A Ross³, Timothy W Deakers³, Jennifer E L Diep³, Christopher J L Newth³, Robinder G Khemani³

Affiliations

¹ Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Loma Linda University Children's Hospital, Loma Linda, CA; Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA. Electronic address: rguglielmo@llu.edu.
² Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA.
³ Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA; Department of Pediatrics, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA.

PMID: 35305971
DOI: 10.1016/j.chest.2022.03.008

Abstract

Background: High-flow nasal cannula (HFNC) therapy reduces the effort of breathing in patients with bronchiolitis, but the mechanisms are not understood. Theorized mechanisms include dead space washout and positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) application.

Research question: What are the mechanisms of action of HFNC therapy in patients with bronchiolitis?

Study design and methods: Prospective, single-center study of children 3 years of age or younger with bronchiolitis from January 2020 through March 2021. Flow was titrated between 0.5 and 2 L/kg/min. Electrical impedance tomography measured end-expiratory lung impedance (EELZ) change as an end-expiratory lung volume (EELV) change surrogate and change in tidal impedance difference (ΔZ) as a tidal volume (V_T) surrogate. A subset showed manometry measuring esophageal pressure change (ΔPes; transpulmonary pressure surrogate) and pressure rate product (PRP; effort of breathing metric). We hypothesized that EELV and V_T would not change and that effort would reduce via respiratory rate (not ΔPes). Measurements were reported as the difference from 0.5 L/kg/min.

Results: We studied 22 patients in total, 10 with esophageal manometry. Median EELZ increased by 0.36 arbitrary unit (AU), 2.42 AU, and 4.8 AU at 1 L/kg/min, 1.5 L/kg/min, and 2 L/kg/min (P = .01, 2 L/kg/min vs 0.5 L/kg/min), which corresponded to a median increase in EELV of 1.8 mL/kg between 0.5 and 2 L/kg/min. Seven patients showed an increase in EELZ of > 5 AU, 12 showed no change in EELZ (± 5 AU), and three showed a decrease in EELZ of > 5 AU. ΔZ (ie, V_T) did not change from 0.5 L/kg/min to 2 L/kg/min (median change, 0.29 AU; P = .48). Median PRP decreased by 78 cm H₂O/min from 0.5 L/kg/min to 2 L/kg/min (P = .02), with all patients demonstrating a reduction in PRP, with a nonsignificant change in ΔPes (P = .68).

Interpretation: Increasing HFNC in children with bronchiolitis reduces the effort of breathing, but no consistent increase occurs in end-expiratory lung volume and no significant change occurs in V_T or transpulmonary pressure. This suggests that PEEP application is not the primary mechanism of action of HFNC in children with bronchiolitis.

Keywords: bronchiolitis; electrical impedance tomography; esophageal manometry; high-flow nasal cannula; imaging; noninvasive ventilation; pediatric critical care.

Publication types

Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

MeSH terms

Cannula*
Child
Humans
Lung Volume Measurements
Oxygen Inhalation Therapy / methods
Positive-Pressure Respiration* / methods
Prospective Studies
Respiration