Antimicrobial efficacy and topographical alterations of photodynamic therapy versus conventional antimicrobials on contaminated zirconia ceramic in vitro

Sukumaran Anil; M E Yahia; Majed M Alsarani; Bader Mohammed Alolayani; Omar Alsadon; Sajith Vellappally; Mohamed Hashem; Hassan Fouad

doi:10.1016/j.pdpdt.2022.102804

Antimicrobial efficacy and topographical alterations of photodynamic therapy versus conventional antimicrobials on contaminated zirconia ceramic in vitro

Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther. 2022 Jun:38:102804. doi: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2022.102804. Epub 2022 Mar 11.

Authors

Sukumaran Anil¹, M E Yahia², Majed M Alsarani³, Bader Mohammed Alolayani³, Omar Alsadon³, Sajith Vellappally³, Mohamed Hashem³, Hassan Fouad⁴

Affiliations

¹ Department of Dentistry-Oral Health Institute, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar; College of Dental Medicine, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar. Electronic address: drsanil@gmail.com.
² Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, International University of Sarajevo, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina.
³ Dental Health Department, College of Applied Medical sciences, King Saud University, Saudi Arabia.
⁴ Applied Medical Science Department, CC, King Saud University, P.O Box 10219, Riyadh 11433, Saudi Arabia.

PMID: 35288322
DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2022.102804

Abstract

Purpose: The aim of this in vitro study was to assess the efficacy of antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT), neodymium-doped yttrium aluminium garnet (Nd:YAG) laser, and two other disinfecting agents against P. gingivalis and T. forsythia that colonized over zirconia ceramics and to evaluate if the disinfecting protocols result in zirconia surface alteration.

Materials and methods: The experiment was conducted on pre-sintered, commercially available Yttria Stabilized Zirconia (Y-TZP) ceramic blocks. The bacterial strains of P. gingivalis and T. forsythia were used to contaminate the zirconia specimens. The infected zirconia specimens were randomly divided into 4 groups (n=20/group): aPDT, Nd:YAG laser, hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂), and chlorhexidine groups. The viability of bacteria was assayed using the MTT protocol. The surface roughness (R_a) of all zirconia specimens was estimated using a profilometer and a drop-shape analyzer was used to evaluate the contact angle using a special sessile drop method.

Results: A statistically significant reduction by the aPDT group is noticed for P. gingivalis and T. forsythia species compared to other disinfection methods (p<0.05). The second highest reduction was seen for chlorhexidine followed by Nd:YAG laser. The least reduction was demonstrated for the hydrogen peroxide group. Statistically, there was no significant difference in R_a scores between the four groups. However, the contact angles were significantly reduced from the zirconia specimens after the aPDT method which indicates a hydrophilicity increase compared to other groups. The SFE scores of all decontamination protocols from highest to lowest were aPDT (41.68), chlorhexidine (39.83), Nd:YAG (34.52), and H2O2 (29.88).

Conclusions: Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy demonstrated a high antibacterial efficacy over zirconia ceramic surface without altering surface topography.

Keywords: Antimicrobial Photodynamic Therapy; Decontamination; Photodynamic therapy; Surface alteration; Zirconia.

MeSH terms

Anti-Bacterial Agents
Anti-Infective Agents*
Ceramics
Chlorhexidine / pharmacology
Hydrogen Peroxide / pharmacology
Materials Testing
Microscopy, Electron, Scanning
Photochemotherapy* / methods
Surface Properties
Zirconium

Substances

Anti-Bacterial Agents
Anti-Infective Agents
Hydrogen Peroxide
Zirconium
Chlorhexidine
zirconium oxide