Tibial tunnel enlargement is affected by the tunnel diameter-screw ratio in tibial hybrid fixation for hamstring ACL reconstruction

Andreas Flury; Linda Wild; Manuel Waltenspül; Christoph Zindel; Lazaros Vlachopoulos; Florian B Imhoff; Sandro F Fucentese

doi:10.1007/s00402-022-04408-2

Tibial tunnel enlargement is affected by the tunnel diameter-screw ratio in tibial hybrid fixation for hamstring ACL reconstruction

Arch Orthop Trauma Surg. 2023 Apr;143(4):1923-1930. doi: 10.1007/s00402-022-04408-2. Epub 2022 Mar 14.

Authors

Andreas Flury¹, Linda Wild^#², Manuel Waltenspül², Christoph Zindel², Lazaros Vlachopoulos², Florian B Imhoff², Sandro F Fucentese²

Affiliations

¹ Orthopaedic Department, Balgrist University Hospital, University of Zurich, Forchstrasse 340, 8008, Zurich, Switzerland. andreas.flury@balgrist.ch.
² Orthopaedic Department, Balgrist University Hospital, University of Zurich, Forchstrasse 340, 8008, Zurich, Switzerland.

^# Contributed equally.

Abstract

Introduction: There is no evidence on screw diameter with regards to tunnel size in anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR) using hybrid fixation devices. The hypothesis was that an undersized tunnel coverage by the tibial screw leads to subsequent tunnel enlargement in ACLR in hybrid fixation technique.

Methods: In a retrospective case series, radiographs and clinical scores of 103 patients who underwent primary hamstring tendon ACLR with a hybrid fixation technique at the tibial site (interference screw and suspensory fixation) were obtained. Tunnel diameters in the frontal and sagittal planes were measured on radiographs 6 weeks and 12 months postoperatively. Tunnel enlargement of more than 10% between the two periods was defined as tunnel widening. Tunnel coverage ratio was calculated as the tunnel diameter covered by the screw in percentage.

Results: Overall, tunnel widening 12 months postoperatively was 23.1 ± 17.1% and 24.2 ± 18.2% in the frontal and sagittal plane, respectively. Linear regression analysis revealed the tunnel coverage ratio to be a negative predicting risk factor for tunnel widening (p = 0.001). The ROC curve analysis provided an ideal cut-off for tunnel enlargement of > 10% at a tunnel coverage ratio of 70% (sensitivity 60%, specificity 81%, AUC 75%, p < 0.001). Patients (n = 53/103) with a tunnel coverage ratio of < 70% showed significantly higher tibial tunnel enlargement of 15% in the frontal and sagittal planes. The binary logistic regression showed a significant OR of 6.9 (p = 0.02) for tunnel widening > 10% in the frontal plane if the tunnel coverage ratio was < 70% (sagittal plane: OR 14.7, p = 0.001). Clinical scores did not correlate to tunnel widening.

Conclusion: Tibial tunnel widening was affected by the tunnel diameter coverage ratio. To minimize the likelihood of disadvantageous tunnel expansion-which is of importance in case of revision surgery-an interference screw should not undercut the tunnel diameter by more than 1 mm.

Keywords: Anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction; Hybrid fixation; Interference screw; Tunnel diameter.

MeSH terms

Anterior Cruciate Ligament* / surgery
Arthroplasty*
Bone Screws
Humans
Radiography
Retrospective Studies
Tibia* / surgery