The Heterocyst-Specific Small RNA NsiR1 Regulates the Commitment to Differentiation in Nostoc

Abstract

Heterocysts are specialized cells that filamentous cyanobacteria differentiate for the fixation of atmospheric nitrogen when other nitrogen sources are not available. Heterocyst differentiation at semiregular intervals along the filaments requires complex structural and metabolic changes that are under the control of the master transcriptional regulator HetR. NsiR1 (nitrogen stress-induced RNA 1) is a HetR-dependent noncoding RNA that is expressed from multiple chromosomal copies, some identical, some slightly divergent in sequence, specifically in heterocysts from very early stages of differentiation. We have previously shown that NsiR1 inhibits translation of the overlapping hetF mRNA by an antisense mechanism. Here, we identify alr3234, a hetP-like gene involved in the regulation of commitment (point of no return) to heterocyst differentiation, as a target of NsiR1. A strain overexpressing one of the identical copies of NsiR1 commits to heterocyst development earlier than the wild type. The posttranscriptional regulation exerted by NsiR1 on the expression of two genes involved in heterocyst differentiation and commitment, hetF and alr3234, adds a new level of complexity to the network of transcriptional regulation and protein-protein interactions that participate in heterocyst differentiation. IMPORTANCE Heterocysts are nitrogen-fixing specialized cells that appear at semiregular intervals along cyanobacterial filaments upon nitrogen starvation. The differentiation and patterning of heterocysts is a model for the study of cell differentiation in multicellular prokaryotes. The regulation of differentiation, which is only partially understood, includes transcriptional changes, factor diffusion between cells, and protein-protein interactions. This work describes the identification of a novel target for NsiR1, a small RNA (sRNA) encoded in multiple slightly divergent copies, and shows how different copies of "sibling" sRNAs regulate the expression of different targets involved in one of the few examples of a differentiation process in prokaryotes.

Keywords: Anabaena; cyanobacteria; heterocyst differentiation; regulatory RNAs; small RNAs.