The Application of Polyurethane-LiClO4 to Modify Screen-Printed Electrodes Analyzing Histamine in Mackerel Using a Voltammetric Approach

Muhammad Abdurrahman Munir; Khairiah Haji Badri; Lee Yook Heng; Ahlam Inayatullah; Eva Nurinda; Daru Estiningsih; Annisa Fatmawati; Veriani Aprilia; Nur Syafitri

doi:10.1021/acsomega.1c06295

The Application of Polyurethane-LiClO₄ to Modify Screen-Printed Electrodes Analyzing Histamine in Mackerel Using a Voltammetric Approach

ACS Omega. 2022 Feb 10;7(7):5982-5991. doi: 10.1021/acsomega.1c06295. eCollection 2022 Feb 22.

Authors

Muhammad Abdurrahman Munir¹, Khairiah Haji Badri^{2

3}, Lee Yook Heng², Ahlam Inayatullah⁴, Eva Nurinda¹, Daru Estiningsih¹, Annisa Fatmawati¹, Veriani Aprilia⁵, Nur Syafitri¹

Affiliations

¹ Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Science, Alma Ata University, Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta, Bantul 55183, Indonesia.
² Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600, Malaysia.
³ Polymer Research Center, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600, Malaysia.
⁴ Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia, Nilai 71800, Malaysia.
⁵ Department of Nutrition Science, Alma Ata School of Health Sciences, Alma Ata University, Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta, Bantul 55183, Indonesia.

Abstract

Histamine is an important substance that can be applied as a parameter for allergic reactions and food freshness. This study develops a method to produce a histamine sensor based on electrodes modified using polyurethane-LiClO₄. A sensor method was developed where this sensor was produced from polyurethane. The application of 4,4'-diphenylmethane diisocyanate (hard compound) and palm kernel oil-based monoester polyol (soft compound) to produce polyurethane (PU) based on bio-polyol. The addition of lithium perchlorate (LiClO₄) was done in order to increase the conductivity of PU. The oxidation process was detected using cyclic voltammetry, whereas the electrochemical impedance spectroscopy was used to analyze the conductivity of the polymer. The polyurethane-LiClO₄ was attached on a screen-printed electrode (SPE) within 45 min. Moreover, the 1% LiClO₄-PU-SPE presented satisfactory selectivity for the detection of histamine in the pH 7.5 solution. The LiClO₄-PU-SPE presented a good correlation coefficient (R = 0.9991) in the range 0.015-1 mmol·L^-1. The detection limit was 0.17 mmol·L^-1. Moreover, the histamine concentration of mackerel samples was detected by the PU-SEP-LiClO₄. Several amine compounds were chosen to study the selectivity of histamine detection using SPE-PU-LiClO₄. The interference was from several major interfering compounds such as aniline, cadaverine, hexamine, putrescine, and xanthine. The technique showed a satisfactory selective analysis compared to the other amines. A satisfactory recovery performance toward varying concentrations of histamine was obtained at 94 and 103% for histamine at 0.01 and 0.1 mmol·L^-1, respectively. The application of PU-SEP-LiClO₄ as an electrochemical sensor has a great prospect to analyze histamine content in fish mackerel as a consequence of PU-SEP-LiClO₄ having good selectivity and simplicity.