Identification of Breast Cancer Stem Cells Using a Newly Developed Long-acting Fluorescence Probe, C5S-A, Targeting ALDH1A1

Abstract

Background/aim: Aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) 1A1 is a well-known marker for cancer stem cells (CSCs), characterized by self-renewal capacity and multidrug resistance in breast cancer. We developed a near-infrared turn-on fluorescence probe for ALDH1A1, C5S-A, which is suitable for observing and analyzing viable cells. Here, we demonstrated the utility of C5S-A in CSC research using breast cancer cell lines.

Materials and methods: To evaluate concordance between C5S-A and conventional stem cell markers, breast cancer cells sorted for ALDEFLUOR-positive cells and for CD44⁺/CD24^- cell populations were stained with C5S-A. Tumorigenicity of C5S-A-positive cells was examined by mammosphere formation assay and subcutaneous transplantation to immunodeficient mice. Additionally, to determine how long fluorescence from a single staining remained observable, we cultured breast cancer cells for 5 days after C5S-A staining. We then evaluated whether C5S-A-positive cells possessed resistance to cytotoxic drugs by chronological imaging.

Results: C5S-A staining showed good concordance with conventional breast CSC markers, and good utility for research into CSC characteristics in breast cancer cell lines, including tumorigenesis. Additionally, C5S-A was observable for more than 3 days with a single staining. Using this property, we then confirmed that C5S-A-positive cells possessed resistance to cytotoxic drugs, which is one of the characteristics of CSCs.

Conclusion: We showed that C5S-A is suitable for CSC research using breast cancer cell lines, and confirmed its utility in observing cells over time.

Keywords: C5S-A; Near-infrared turn-on fluorescence probe; activity of aldehyde dehydrogenase; breast cancer; stem cells.