In this paper, an oscillating transverse mode switchable mode-locked fiber laser with a few-mode fiber linear cavity is proposed and demonstrated. An artificial filter is used to realize the mode gain modulation of the laser. The stable mode-locked pulsed operation with switchable wavelength is easily achieved and the oscillating transverse mode can be flexibly switched between the fundamental mode and high-order mode by adjusting the polarization controller. The mode-locked fiber laser directly oscillates in the high-order mode stably with a slope efficiency of as high as 12%, and the corresponding operating wavelength, repetition rate as well as pulse duration are 1054.07 nm, 22.662 MHz, 31.5 ps, respectively. Besides, a cylindrical vector beam with a high mode purity of 98.6% is obtained by removing the degeneracy of the LP11 mode. This compact and high-efficiency mode-locked fiber laser operating in switchable transverse mode has the potential application for laser processing, particle trapping, bioimaging, and mode division multiplexing system.