Spatiotemporal Variation in Groundwater Quality and Source Apportionment along the Ye River of North China Using the PMF Model

Chao Niu; Qianqian Zhang; Lele Xiao; Huiwei Wang

doi:10.3390/ijerph19031779

Spatiotemporal Variation in Groundwater Quality and Source Apportionment along the Ye River of North China Using the PMF Model

Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2022 Feb 4;19(3):1779. doi: 10.3390/ijerph19031779.

Authors

Chao Niu¹, Qianqian Zhang², Lele Xiao¹, Huiwei Wang²

Affiliations

¹ College of Geology and Environment, Xi'an University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710054, China.
² Institute of Hydrogeology and Environmental Geology, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Shijiazhuang 050061, China.

Abstract

Groundwater quality deterioration has attracted widespread concern in China. In this research, the water quality index (WQI) and a positive matrix factorization (PMF) model were used to assess groundwater quality and identify pollution sources in the Ye River area of northern China. Research found that TH, SO₄^2-, and NO₃^- were the main groundwater pollution factors in the Ye River area, since their exceeding standard rates were 78.13, 34.38, and 59.38%, respectively. The main groundwater hydrochemical type has changed from HCO₃-Ca(Mg) to HCO₃·SO₄-Ca(Mg). These data indicated that the groundwater quality was affected by anthropogenic activities. Spatial variation in groundwater quality was mainly influenced by land use, whereas temporal variation was mainly controlled by rainfall. The WQI indicated that the groundwater quality was better in the flood season than in the dry season due to the diluting effect of rainfall runoff. Notably, farmland groundwater quality was relatively poor as it was affected by various pollution sources. Based on the PMF model, the main groundwater pollution sources were domestic sewage (52.4%), industrial wastewater (24.1%), and enhanced water-rock interaction induced by intensely exploited groundwater (23.6%) in the dry season, while in the flood season they were domestic sewage and water-rock interaction (49.6%), agriculture nonpoint pollution (26.1%), and industrial wastewater and urban nonpoint pollution (23.9%). In addition, the mean contribution of domestic sewage and industrial sewage to sampling sites in the dry season (1489 and 322.5 mg/L, respectively) were higher than that in the flood season (1158 and 273.6 mg/L, respectively). To sum up, the point sources (domestic sewage and industrial wastewater) remain the most important groundwater pollution sources in this region. Therefore, the local government should enhance the sewage treatment infrastructure and exert management of fertilization strategies to increase the fertilizer utilization rate and prevent further groundwater quality deterioration.

Keywords: anthropogenic activities; groundwater quality; positive matrix factorization model; source apportionment; water quality index.

Publication types

Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

MeSH terms

China
Environmental Monitoring
Groundwater*
Rivers / chemistry
Water Pollutants, Chemical* / analysis
Water Quality

Substances

Water Pollutants, Chemical